AII

• A series of reforms were introduced under AII, specifically educational reforms under Golvonin
• The Zemstvos were put in charge of primary school education and by 1896, the number of primary schools had increased from 23 thousand in 1880 to 79 thousand
• AII also introduced reform of secondary schooling and of universities
• Secondary schools were expanded to provide more modern subjects like languages and science. They also attracted more girls
• From 1863, reforms gave universities more freedom, including the introduction of foreign texts. Women were also allowed to attend
• Limitations: after assassination attempts from 1866, the school curriculum became more conservative and biased towards the nobility and a lot of educational reforms were reversed
• Limitations: after assassination attempts from 1866, the school curriculum became more conservative and biased towards the nobility and a lot of educational reforms were reversed
• The emancipation decre abolished serfdom but peasants remained poor and overall Russia was backwards and underdeveloped compared to the rest of Western Europe
• Population also became more urban- in 1858 6% lived in towns, in 1870, 11%