NII

• Stolypin was keen to improve primary education and the number of schools expanded to 130 thousand.
• Literacy rates also improved. By 1914 40% of the population was literate. But only 51% of primary school-aged children were attending school, far behind western European countries
• Social structure did not change much under the Tsars. The Tsar and nobility comprised around 2% of the population. Noble titles were not always inherited, they were granted roles in the army and bureaucracy
• Even by 1918 the peasant class was 80% of the population
• There were better off peasants- the kulaks and separators created as a result of Stolypin's land reforms
• Continued industrialisation and more migration. By 1913, urban population was 18% and total population was 166 million