Stalin

• From 1928 to 1931, schools were linked with factories. New technical and political courses were introduced.
• Red specialists replaced older teachers and the authority of teachers was undermined. However, this was reversed in 1931, and courses became more traditional including maths, science, history and geography
• In 1929 8 million children attended primary school and In 1930, it was 18 million as universal primary education was made compulsory
• Literacy classes were also introduced for all adults. By 1939, 88% of the population was literate
• By 1940, the number of secondary school pupils had risen from 12 million to 25 million
• 10 million were deported and several million died during the famines of 1921 to 1922 and 1946 to 1947
• The five year plans led to increasing urbanisation- 32% in cities by 1939
• 25 million are though to have died in the GPW
• Population decreased from 191 million in 1939 to 178 million in 1950
• In theory no classes existed. In 1936, all adults were given civil rights under the new constitution
• In practice a new elite emrged- party officials and party bureaucracy. Skilled workers were the elite and membership of the party gave access to better education
• Number of women in the workforce increased to around 50/50