Blood borne parasitoses

• Blood-borne parasitoses

  Malaria

  Filariasis

  Schistosomiasis
• Known species of Malaria

  Plasmodium falciparum

  Plasmodium vivax

  Plasmodium ovale

  Plasmodium malariae

  Plasmodium knowlesi
• known vector of Malaria

  Anopheles flavorostris
• most dangerous and most common species of Malaria

  Plasmodium falciparum
• species of Malaria that is common in monkeys and produce severe hemolysis to man

  Plasmodium knowlesi
• most common mosquito vector of Malaria in the Philippines

  Anopheles flavorostris
• Trophozoite

  growing stage

  feeds on the nutrients of RBC
• Merozoite

  capable of initiating a new sexual or asexual cycle of development
• Gametocyte

  stage absorbed by the mosquitoes
• Schizonts

  infective stage

  produce daughter Malaria cells
• Sporozoites

  Infective stage injected by a mosquito
• Fimbriated

  odd shape
• Diagnostic used in Malaria

  Blood smear
• pathophysiology of Malaria

  Fevers and chills

  Causing Jaundice
• In severe falciparum malaria

  parasitized red cells may obstruct capillaries and postcapillary venules, leading to local hypoxia
• Resistant to Malaria

  Clients with sickle cell anemia — RBC shape is unconductive for plasmodium invasion
• Treatment for all species of Malaria

  Artemether + Lumefantrine

  Artemether 5-24 mg/kg

  Lumefrantine 29-144 mg/kg

  BID x 3days
• Malaria prevention and protection

  Environmental sanitation

  Fumigation as last resort
• Fumigation is only done when there is

  significantly high incidence of malaria
• fumigation drives away mosquitos in an area, but may transfer to other area
• Intestinal species of Schistosomiasis

  Schistosoma japonicum

  Schistosoma mansoni

  Schistosoma mekongi

  Schistosoma intercalatum
• Urogenital species of Schistosomiasis

  Schistosoma haematobium
• other name for Schistosomiasis

  Bilharziasis
• At-risk population

  Agricultural, domestic, occupational, and recreational activities that are exposed to infested water
• Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis

  Prepatent period

  Migration phase

  Acute phase

  Chronic phase
• Prepatent period

  the cercariae penetrates the skin

  Swimmer's itch
• Migration phase

  Egg production

  4-10 weeks

  Migrates from lungs to the tinal destination where they reach sexual maturity and mate

  (+) pulmonary congestion
• Acute phase

  Begins at egg production

  lasts 2 months to several years

  (+) Hematochezia

  (+) Katayama fever
• Chronic phase

  (+) Mild, chronic diarrhea, mild abdominal pain, and lethargy

  (+) Hepatomegaly - liver fibrosis

  (+) Splenomegaly
• Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis

  Only 30-50% of the eggs are passed through the intestine — the rest stays inside the infected body

  Immune reactions to eggs are the cause of the disease
• Diagnosis for Schistosomiasis

  Kato-katz
• Treatment for Schistosomiasis

  First line: Praziquantel 40 mg/kg, two divided doses per day
• Prevention for Schistosomiasis

  Mass deworming

  Waterproof equipment

  Discriminate defacation

  Snail control

  Treatment of carabaos
• Known species of Filariasis

  Wuchereria bancrofti

  Brugia malayi

  Brugia timori
• impairs lymphatic dystem leading to abnormal enlargement of body parts

  Filariasis
• known vector for Wuchereria bancrofti

  Aedes Poecilus
• Known vector for brugia species

  Mansonia bonneae
• known vectors for Filariasis

  Anopheles species

  Culex species
• Wuchereria bancrofti

  gently curved body and a tail tapered to a point
• Brugia malayi

  Tail is tapered, with a significant gap