SCI 10 - QTR 3

• Macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid
• Polymer - from Greek polys meaning many and meros meaning part
• Monomers - from the Greek monos meaning single
• Polymer - a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
• Monomers - repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
• Polymerization - synthesis of polymers
• Dehydration Synthesis/Reaction - connecting monomers to create a polymer
• Hydrolysis - water breakage, bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule. Polymers are disassembled to monomers
• Carbohydrates - fuel and building materials
• Monosaccharide - from Greek monos meaning single and sacchar meaning sugar
• Glucose is of central importance in the chemistry of life
• Carbonyl group : C=O
• Hydroxyl Groups : -OH
• Classifying Sugars based on their: Location of carbonyl group, Size of carbon skeleton
• Aldose - Carbonyl group is at at the end of the carbon skeleton
• Ketose - Carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton
• Hexoses - sugars that have six carbons (Glucose, Fructose)
• Pentoses - sugars with five carbons (Ribose)
• Trioses - Three Carbon sugars
• The size of the carbon skeleton ranges from 3 to 7 carbons long
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars
• Disaccharides - consist of two monosaccharide
• Glycosidic Linkage - a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide
• Maltose - A disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules.
• Sucrose - A disaccharide formed by one fructose and one glucose molecule.
• Lactose - A disaccharide formed by one galactose and one glucose molecule.
• Monosaccharides: Fructose, Galactose, Glucose
• Polysaccharides - polymers with few hundreds to a few thousand of monosaccharides.
• Plants - stores starch, a polymer of glucose monomers
• Animals - stores glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle cells
• insoluble fiber - cellulose
• Cellulose - major component of plant cell walls and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
• Chitin - carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeleton, also used by fungi to build their cell wall
• Chemical Formula of Glucose - C6H12O6
• Lipids - not big enough to be considered macromolecules
• Lipids are hydrophobic
• Fats - also called tricylglycerol. Large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis. Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
• Glycerol - has 3 carbon groups that bears a hydroxyl group
• Fatty Acids - a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length
• Lipids are joined by ester linkage