1DC reviewer

• Development


  The capacity of a national economy to generate and sustain an annual gross national product (GNP) at rates perhaps 5% to 7% or more
• Development


  The "improvement of quality of life"
• todaro 1981

  A multidimensional process involving changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty

  
• Seven dimensions of development

  • Income growth
  • Poverty reduction and food security
  • Reduced inequality and inequity
  • Lesser vulnerability to shocks
  • Improved satisfaction of basic needs in health and education
  • Sustainability in resource use
  • Broadly defined satisfactory quality of life
• Gross domestic product (GDP)


  The value of the finished domestic goods and services produced within a nation's borders
• Gross national product (GNP)


  The value of all finished goods and services owned by a country's citizens, whether or not those goods are produced in that country
• Equality


  Each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities
• Equity


  Recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome
• Consensus Support based on UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)


  • Primacy of income growth
  • Poverty reduction
  • Meeting basic needs
  • Striving toward environmental sustainability
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)


  • Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty
  • Achieve Universal Primary Education
  • Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
  • Reduce Child Mortality
  • Improve Maternal Health
  • Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
  • Ensure Environmental Sustainability
  • Develop a Global Partnership for Development
• Consensus Support based on UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • NO POVERTY
  • ZERO HUNGER
  • GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
  • QUALITY EDUCATION
  • GENDER EQUALITY
  • CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
  • AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
  • DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
  • INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRUSTRUCTURE
  • REDUCE INEQUALITIES
  • SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
  • RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
  • CLIMATE ACTION
  • LIFE BELOW WATER
  • LIFE ON LAND
  • PEACE JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTION
  • PARTHNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)


  The SDGs, also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.
• Income growth is a weak determinant of progress in overall development, hence the need for more direct (government) intervention
• Steps for formulating a country-specific development strategy

  • Determining a vision of development
  • Performing a comprehensive diagnostics
  • Establishing priorities and recognizing trade-offs
  • Assigning specific roles to the market (firms + consumers), state, and civil society
• Top 10 differences between MDGs and SDGs

  • Zero Goals
  • Universal Goals
  • More Comprehensive Goals
  • Addressing THP Pillars
  • Inclusive Goal Setting
  • Distinguishing Hunger and Poverty
  • Funding
  • Peace Building
  • Data Revolution
  • Quality Education
• Poverty


  Individuals and families whose income falls short of the poverty threshold and/or those who cannot afford their minimum basic needs (e.g. food, health, education, housing and other essential amenities) in a sustained manner
• Poverty threshold


  The minimum income a family or individual must earn in order to be considered "not poor"
• Poverty threshold in the Philippines is P13,793 per month for a family of 5 (PSA, 2023)
• Poverty threshold in the Philippines was P10,532 per month for a family of 5 (PSA, 2018)
• Extreme poverty


  Those who are living on USD 2.15 or less per day (World Bank, 2015)
• The Philippine goal is to be an upper middle-income country by 2022, reduce rural poverty from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022, and reduce overall poverty rate from 21.6 percent to 14.0 percent in 2022 – equivalent to lifting about 6 million Filipinos out of poverty
• Problems of development

  • Poverty
  • Unemployment
  • High population growth
  • Inequality
  • Environmental degradation
  • Economic and cultural globalization
• Unemployment


  When one does not earn a living
• Underemployment


  When people are paid below their worth
• The world has limited resources, and the Malthusian prediction that the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population may be coming to pass in our time
• 10% of the population in the Philippines controls 90% of its economic resources, and the wealth of the world's three richest individuals is more than the GDP of 48 nations
• The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, and everyone should be equally provided with the opportunity to develop and realize their potential
• In the past 30 years, 70% of the country's primary forests have been logged over, and agricultural lands are rapidly being transformed into industrial parts and residential subdivisions, posing environmental and food security problems
• Economic globalization


  The increasing integration of national economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows
• Cultural globalization


  The transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations
• Social ills such as a general lack of discipline and self-discipline, violence, poverty, unemployment, a high crime rate, promiscuity, school vandalism and corruption affect the development of societies
• (Dudley Seers, 1972)


  When a country experiences a reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment, and the improvement of the quality of life of the individual
• Indicators for development (Dudley Seers)


  • Enough food, clothing, footwear and shelter
  • Meaningful employment
  • Equality
  • Education
• (Edgar Owens, 1987)

  When there is development of people and not development of things
• Development (Todaro, 1981)


  A multi-dimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the entire economic and social systems, including raising people's living levels, creating conditions conducive to the growth of people's self esteem, and increasing people's freedom
• Development (Amartya Sen, 1999)


  "Development is freedom" and "human development is the process of expanding the freedoms that people can exercise and enjoy". Poverty is the deprivation of opportunity.
• Modernization theory


  An approach to understanding how traditional or underdeveloped societies transform to modern societies, focusing on the ways in which past and present premodern societies become modern through economic growth and change in political, social, and cultural structures
• Rostow's Stages of Development

  • Traditional society
  • Preconditions for take-off
  • Take-off
  • Drive to maturity
  • Age of high mass-consumption
• Dependency theory


  Rejects the modernization theory, arguing that the problems of the Third World are imposed on them by the structure of exploitation, capitalism and world trade, and that the rich countries benefit from the underdeveloped ones by means of cheap labor and raw materials
• World System Theory


  Argues that global inequality results from structures that permit core countries to control and exploit semiperiphery and periphery nations, and that a world economic system exists in which wealthy nations exploit poor ones to help generate their wealth