chem 1

• Organic ChemistryThe study ofhydrocarbons(compounds ofCarbon andHydrogen) andtheir derivatives
• Inorganic Chemistry•The study of allsubstances otherthan hydrocarbonsand theirderivatives.
• Carbon atoms have the unique ability to bond toeach other in a wide variety of ways that involvelong chains of carbon atoms or cyclicarrangements (rings) of carbon atoms• Carbon is a member of Group IVA of the periodictable (four valence electrons) In compoundformation, four additional valence electrons areneeded to give carbon atoms an octet of valenceelectrons.• The sharing of four valence electrons requiresthe formation of four covalent bonds.
• Hydrocarbon - is a compoundthat contains only carbonatoms and hydrogen atoms
• Hydrocarbon Derivative - is acompound that containscarbon and hydrogen and oneor more additional elements
• 2 Classes of Hydrocarbons-Saturated Hydrocarbons• is a hydrocarbonin which allcarbon–carbonbonds are singlebonds.-Unsaturated Hydrocarbon• is a hydrocarbon inwhich one or morecarbon–carbonmultiple bonds(double bonds, triplebonds, or both) arepresent
• ALKANES

  -is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atom arrangement isacyclic-General molecular formula of Alkane: 𝐶𝑛𝐻2𝑛+2

  -number of Hydrogen atoms present in an alkane is alwaystwice the number of carbon atoms plus two more
• Expanded structural formula – shows all atoms in a molecule and all bonds connectingthe atoms.
• Condensed structural formula – uses groupings of atoms in which central atoms and the atoms connected to them are written as a group, to convey molecular structural information
• Line-angle structural formula – is a structural representation inwhich a line represents a carbon–carbon bond and a carbon atom isunderstood to be present at every point where two lines meet and atthe ends of lines.
• Skeletal structural formula – is a structural formula that shows thearrangement and bonding of carbon atoms present in an organicmolecule but does not show the hydrogen atoms attached to thecarbon atoms.
• Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula (that is, the same numbers and kinds of atoms) but that differ in the way the atoms are arranged
• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) –formulated systematic rules for naming Organic compounds known as“IUPAC rules”.

  The advantage of the IUPAC naming system is that it assigns eachcompound a name that not only identifies it but also enables one todraw its structural formula.
• Continuous-Chain Alkane is an alkane in which all carbon atoms areconnected in a continuous nonbranching chain
• Branched-Chain Alkane is an alkane in which one or more branches(of carbon atoms) are attached to a continuous chain of carbonatoms
• IUPAC Names for Continuous-Chain Alkanes

  • All Alkane names end in -ane• Beginning with the five-carbon alkane,Greek numerical prefixes are used todenote the actual number of carbon atomsin the Continuous chain.
• To name branched-chain alkanes, we must be able to name thebranch or branches that are attached to the main carbon chain.These branches are formally called substituents.• Substituent is an atom or group of atoms attached to a chain (or ring)of carbon atoms. (in general term)• Alkyl groups – substituents of Alkanes-is the group of atoms that would be obtained by-removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane
• Rule 1:Identify the longest continuous carbon chain (the parent chain), whichmay or may not be shown in a straight line, and name the chain
• Rule 3:If only one alkyl group is present, name and locate it (by number), and prefix thenumber and name to that of the parent carbon chain
• Rule 4:If two or more of the same kind of alkyl group are present in a molecule,indicate the number with a Greek numerical prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and soforth). In addition, a number specifying the location of each identical group mustbe included. These position numbers, separated by commas, precede thenumerical prefix. Numbers are separated from words by hyphens.
• Rule 5:When two kinds of alkyl groups are present on the same carbon chain,number each group separately, and list the names of the alkyl groups inalphabetical order.
• Rule 6:Follow IUPAC punctuation rules, which include the following:(1) Separate numbers from each other by commas.(2) Separate numbers from letters by hyphens.(3) Do not add a hyphen or a space between the last-named substituent andthe name of the parent alkane that follows
• Cycloalkanes

  • Saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms connected to oneanother in a cyclic (ring) arrangement are present.• The general formula for cycloalkanes is 𝑪𝒏𝑯𝟐𝒏Ex. Butane (C₄H₁₀) -> Cyclobutane (C₄H₈)• Line-angle structural formulas are generally used to representcycloalkane structures.
• IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR CYCLOALKANES• IUPAC naming procedures for cycloalkanes are similar to those foralkanes.• The ring portion of a cycloalkane molecule serves as the name base,and the prefix cyclo- is used to indicate the presence of the ring.• Alkyl substituents are named in the same manner as in alkanes.
• Combustion reaction – is a chemical reaction between a substanceand oxygen (usually from air) that proceeds with the evolution ofheat and light (usually as a flame);
• All alkanes and cycloalkanes are flammable• Complete combustion products: carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)• Incomplete combustion products: Carbon monoxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide(CO₂)
• Halogenation - is a chemical reaction between a substance and ahalogen in which one or more halogen atoms are incorporated intomolecules of the substance
• Halogenated alkane – is an alkane derivative in whichone or more halogen atoms are present.
• • Hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms (a substitutionreaction)• Requires the presence of heat or light
• Halogenated cycloalkane – is a cycloalkane derivativein which one or more halogen atoms are present