GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Created by

Mikaela Tiongco

Cards (63)

Properties of life 
Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Response to stimuli
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy processing
Regulation
Order 
Sunflower
Evolutionary adaptation 
Pygmy seahorse
Response to stimuli 
Venus' flytrap
Reproduction 
Emperor penguin
Growth and development 
Nile crocodile
Energy processing 
Hummingbird
Regulation 
Jackrabbit
Asexual reproduction 
Process of creating new individual using one parent organism
Binary fission 
1. Replication of DNA
2. Growth of a cell
3. Segregation of DNA
4. Splitting of cells
Binary fission 
Paramecium caudatum
Budding 
A new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism
Budding 
Hydra
Yeast
Fragmentation 
Organisms break into two or more fragments that develop into a new individual
Fragmentation 
Starfish
Flatworm
Parthenogenesis 
An embryo develops from an unfertilized cell
Parthenogenesis 
Komodo dragon
Sporulation 
A type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore
Sporulation 
Mold
Fern
Lichen
Bacteria
Vegetative reproduction 
Reproduction that does not involve the formation of a seed
Sexual reproduction 
Requires 2 parents, male and female (egg & sperm) to join and form a new organism
Isogamy 
Fusion of similar gametes which are usually motile
Heterogamy/Anisogamy 
Fusion of dissimilar gametes
Oogamy 
A large immotile gamete, the egg is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm
Conjugation 
Two filamentous gametes line side-by-side, and one side will grow projections to form a bridge and allow fusion of protoplasts
Hermaphroditism 
An individual having both male and female reproductive organs
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Diagram
Ovulation 
Release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle
Fertilization 
Union of egg and sperm
External fertilization 
Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment
Internal fertilization 
Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract
Gamete production and delivery
Animals must have systems that produce gametes, often involving gonads (sex organs)
Ovulation 
Expels an egg cell from the follicle
Corpus luteum 
Remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary, secreting hormones to help maintain pregnancy
Testes 
Male gonads
Animal Gamete Production and Delivery
To reproduce sexually, animals must have systems that produce gametes
In most species individuals have gonads = sex organs that produce gametes
Some simple systems do not have gonads, but gametes form from undifferentiated tissue
Insects
Most insects have separate sexes with complex reproductive systems
In many insects, the female has a spermatheca in which sperm is stored during copulation
Female Reproductive System 
1. Ovulation: expels an egg cell from the follicle
2. The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary, forming a mass called the corpus luteum
3. Corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to maintain pregnancy
4. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates
Male Reproductive System 
Testes - Male Gonads
The testes consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue. Sperm form in these seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells produce hormones and are scattered between the tubules
Production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body temperatures of most mammals. So the testes are held outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity
Ducts 
1. From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, mature sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the epididymis
2. During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra