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• Excessive firm and tender globe is known as glaucoma
• Snellen charts ability to discern letters and numbers in a distance of 20 ft.
• AIR CONDUCTION is the primary mechanism of hearing.
• Darwinian tubercle is a benign protrusion on upper part of helix.
• ) Macrotia

  Ears greater than 10 cm vertical height in adults
• Microtia

  Ears less than 4 cm vertical height in adults seen in some genetic disorders
• ) Missing or Malformed

  Landmarks

  Associated with hearing deficit
• ) Creased Earlobes

  • Associated with heart conditions
• e) Ear Pits or Sinuses usually located anterior to the Tragus

  • Associated with internal ear anomalies
• Low - Set ears or Lobes rotated posteriorly more than 15 degrees. Associated with mental retardation
• Drainage

  Bloody - trauma

  Pus - infection

  • Clear Drainage - spinal fluid, head injury
• Redness

  • Inflammation may indicate infection,

  fever
• Impacted Cerumen

  Excessive cerumen secretion
• otitis externa ear pain especially with movement of tragus, redness of external auditory, inflammation of external ear.
• acute otitis media

  Ear pain with reddened TM

  Signs of conductive hearing loss, Inflammation and Infection of middle ear
• meniere's disease chronic progressive disease of inner ear that leads to permannent hearing loss.
• Lesions skin cancer from sunm
• cysts may occur when oils are produced in a skin gland
• Otoscope

  • A flashlight type viewer used to visualize the eardrum and external ear canal
• Whisper Test - For LOW - PITCH deficits

  Have patient cover opposite ear being tested

  Stand about 1-2 ft behind patient, and whisper

  • Note patient's ability to hear sound
• Watch - Tick Test

  For HIGH-PITCH Deficits

  Have patient cover opposite ear being testedHold ticking watch within 5 inches from ear

  • Note patient's ability to hear sound
• • Weber Test

  The Weber test is a useful, quick, and simple screening test for evaluating hearing loss.

  • The test can detect unilateral conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
• Conductive hearing

  • sound waves transmitted by the external and the middle ear
• Sensorineural hearing

  sound waves transmitted by the middle ear
• Conductive hearing

  • sound waves transmitted by the external and the middle ear
• Rinne Test

  • it is a test that compares air conduction and bone conduction sounds in the same ear
• Sensorineural hearing loss

  most common type of permanent hearing loss. damage to inner ear or cochlea
• Romberg's test -test the client equilibrium , ask the client stand with a feet together
• Nares (Nostrils) / Vestibules

  ⚫ provide access to the nasopharynx through structured lines with mucous membranes

  • rich with blood vessels
• Nasal Mucosa

  • Ciliated epithelium cells with goblet cells produce mucus, which traps bacteria and air pollutants.
• cilia small hairs that filters air
• Turbinates bony conchae(folds) on internal nasal walls, control sense of smell by olfactory.
• Cardiovascular System•

  It delivers oxygenated blood

  • Removes waste products
• The autonomic nervous system controls how the heart pumps.
• The heart and major blood vessels lie centrally in the chest behind the protective sternum
• 1. Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae
• Right Ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
• 3. Left Atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins
• Left Ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the left atrium pumps blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta - the largest and most muscular chamber
• Atrioventricular Valves

  1. Tricuspid Valve located on the right side of the heart, has three leaflets and prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium