Cell cycle

• Cells are the basic units of living things
• Multicellular organisms have cells that work together as part of body tissue, organs, and organ systems
• Cells are specialized to perform different functions
• Cell cycle


  The cycle of growth and division that cells go through
• Cell cycle


  • Cells are either in interphase (growing, replicating DNA, performing functions) or M phase (mitosis and cell division)
  • Cells spend most of their time in interphase
• Interphase


  The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA
• M phase


  The phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides through mitosis and cytokinesis
• Cell cycle checkpoints


  • Check that the cell is growing well, DNA is replicated correctly, and chromosomes are aligned properly before allowing the cell to progress to the next phase
• Apoptosis

  The process of programmed cell death when a cell is damaged beyond repair
• Cyclin and Cdk


  Proteins involved in positive regulation of the cell cycle, with different cyclins binding to Cdk at different phases
• p53


  A protein involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle, can initiate apoptosis
• G0 phase


  A resting phase where cells are not preparing to divide
• Cells in G0 phase permanently, like neurons, cannot divide and this can make healing from injuries to the brain and spinal cord challenging
• Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division done by most of your body cells and it's really important for your cells to divide
• If cells didn't divide, you wouldn't grow
• Mitosis


  The process that allows cells to grow and repair damage
• Mitosis is not the process that makes sperm or egg cells, that is called meiosis
• Mitosis


  Produces identical body cells
• Cells are not dividing all the time, they spend most of their time in interphase
• Cancer


  Uncontrolled cell growth, or uncontrolled mitosis
• Nucleus


  Organelle that holds the cell's DNA
• Chromosomes


  Condensed units of DNA and protein found in the nucleus
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cell nuclei
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Spindles help move the chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell during anaphase
• Cytokinesis is responsible for the final separation into two cells after the mitosis stages
• Understanding mitosis is important for understanding growth, repair, and cancer