anaphy midterms

• Muscle cells


  • Myocytes called muscle fibers
  • Sarco - flesh
  • lemma – cell membrane
  • Sarcoplasm (Sitriation) – cytoplasm of cell
  • Myofibrils (Sitriation) – long structures in sarcoplasm (stripes)
  • Arrangement of filaments in myofibrils produces striations-skeletal and cardiac muscles-actin and myosin
• Heat Production


  • Heat is released with muscle contraction-shortening of muscle fibers
  • Helps the body maintain a normal temperature
  • Moving your body can make you warmer if you are cold
  • Hair Follicle - pulling the hair upward (goosebumps)
  • Shivering is the body's response when the body temperature drops
  • Sweating = body temperature is going back to normal
• Muscle cells


  • Myocytes called muscle fibers
  • Sarco - flesh
  • lemma – cell membrane
  • Sarcoplasm (Sitriation) – cytoplasm of cell
  • Myofibrils (Sitriation) – long structures in sarcoplasm (stripes)
  • Arrangement of filaments in myofibrils produces striations-skeletal and cardiac muscles-actin and myosin
• Skeletal Muscle


  • Skeletal muscles contract and relax to mechanically move the body
  • Messages from the nervous system cause these muscle contractions
  • Contraction - Acetylcholine
  • Relaxation - Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme)
  • Contraction + Relaxation = movement
  • The whole process is called the mechanism of muscle contraction and it can be summarized in three steps:
• Mechanism of muscle contraction

  1. A message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions

  2. The chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibers reorganizing themselves in a way that shortens the muscle – that's the contraction

  3. When the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibers rearrange again and the muscle relaxes
• Action Potential (Movement)


  Release of impulse (ions) - calcium (sarcolemma) enter potassium moves out
• Smooth Muscle


  • Multiunit smooth muscle (more than 1 neuron)
  • In the iris of the eye and walls of blood vessels
  • Responds to neurotransmitters and hormones
  • Contraction does not spread from one cell to the next, but is instead confined to the cell that was originally
• Muscle name


  • Location
  • Size
  • Action
  • Shape OR
  • Number of attachments of the muscle
• Myositis


  Inflammation of your muscles, which are also called the voluntary muscles. These are the muscles you consciously control that help you move your body. An injury, infection or autoimmune disease can cause myositis.
• Dermatomyositis and polymyositis


  Both involve myositis. Polymyositis causes muscle weakness, usually in the muscles closest to the trunk of your body. Dermatomyositis causes muscle weakness, plus a skin rash. Both diseases are usually treated with prednisone, a steroid medicine, and sometimes other medicines.
• Fibromyalgia


  A common condition characterized by long-term, body-wide pain and tender points in joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. Fibromyalgia has also been linked to fatigue, morning stiffness, sleep problems, headaches, numbness in hands and feet, depression, and anxiety.

  
• Causes of Fibromyalgia


  • Physical or emotional trauma
  • Abnormal pain transmission responses
  • Sleep disturbances

  
• Types of Muscular Dystrophy

  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
  • Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
  • Myotonia congenita
  • Myotonic dystrophy
• Muscular Dystrophy Treatment


  • There are no known cures for the various muscular dystrophies. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.
  • Physical therapy may help patients maintain muscle strength and function. Orthopedic appliances such as braces and wheelchairs can improve mobility and self-care abilities. In some cases, surgery on the spine or legs may help improve function.
  • Corticosteroids taken by mouth are sometimes prescribed to children to keep them walking for as along as possible (Reduce inflammation).
  • The person should be as active as possible. Complete inactivity (such as bedrest) can make the disease worse.

  
• Myasthenia Gravis


  A neuromuscular disorder characterized by variable weakness of voluntary muscles, which often improves with rest and worsens with activity. The condition is caused by an abnormal immune response.

  
• Causes of Myasthenia Gravis


  Weakness occurs when the nerve impulse to initiate or sustain movement does not adequately reach the muscle cells. This is caused when immune cells target and attack the body's own cells (an autoimmune response). This immune response produces antibodies that attach to affected areas, preventing muscle cells from receiving chemical messages (neurotransmitters) from the nerve cell.
• Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms


  • Muscle weakness, including: Swallowing difficulty, frequent gagging, or choking
  • Paralysis
  • Muscles that function best after rest
  • Drooping head
  • Difficulty climbing stairs
  • Difficulty lifting objects
  • Need to use hands to rise from sitting positions
  • Difficulty talking
  • Difficulty chewing
  • Vision problems: Double vision, Difficulty maintaining steady gaze, Eyelid drooping
  • Hoarseness or changing voice
  • Fatigue
  • Facial paralysis
  • Drooling
  • Breathing difficulty

  
• Myasthenia Gravis Treatment


  • There is no known cure for myasthenia gravis. However, treatment may result in prolonged periods of remission.
  • Lifestyle adjustments may enable continuation of many activities. Activity should be planned to allow scheduled rest periods. An eye patch may be recommended if double vision is bothersome. Stress and excessive heat exposure should be avoided because they can worsen symptoms.
  • Some medications, such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine, improve the communication between the nerve and the muscle. Prednisone and other medications that suppress the immune response (such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil) may be used if symptoms are severe and there is inadequate response to other medications.
  • Plasmapheresis, a technique in which blood plasma containing antibodies against the body is removed from the body and replaced with fluids (donated antibody-free plasma or other intravenous fluids), may reduce symptoms for up to 4 - 6 weeks and is often used to optimize conditions before surgery.

  
• Muscular system is responsible for the movement , stability, control of body openings and passages and heat production of the human body.
• There are more than 640 muscles in the human body.
• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal muscles
  • Smooth muscles
  • Cardiac muscles

  
• Skeletal Muscles


  • Voluntary control
  • Produce movement in conjunction with skeletal system
  • Help stabilize joints
  • Participate in heat production
• Smooth Muscles


  • Involuntary control
  • Control body openings and passages
• Cardiac Muscles


  • Involuntary control
  • Responsible for pumping action of the heart
• Muscle are attached to bones by tendons
• The action a muscle generates is determined by the origin and insertion locations.
• Medical Assistant Tasks


  • Give IM injections
  • Prepare patients for massage therapy
  • Demonstrate ambulatory techniques
  • Assist in care and prevention of muscular disorders
• Neuroglia (Support Cells)


  Astrocytes - Abundant, star-shaped
• Muscles in the human body

  • More than 640
• Muscle cells


  Made up of special cells called muscle fibers
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac

  
• Skeletal muscles


  • Voluntary control
  • Produce movement in conjunction with skeletal system
  • Help stabilize joints
  • Participate in heat production
• Smooth muscles


  • Involuntary control
  • Control body openings and passages
• Cardiac muscles


  • Involuntary control
  • Responsible for pumping action of the heart
• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
• The action a muscle generates is determined by the origin and insertion locations
• Tasks medical assistants must understand the muscular system for

  • Give IM injections
  • Prepare patients for massage therapy
  • Demonstrate ambulatory techniques
  • Assist in care and prevention of muscular disorders
• Support cells (Neuroglia)


  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Schwann cells
• Astrocytes


  • Abundant, star-shaped cells
  • Brace neurons
  • Form barrier between capillaries and neurons and make exchanges between the two
  • Control the chemical environment of the brain by capturing ions and neurotransmitters
• Oligodendrocytes


  • Wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve
  • Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system