Bacterial Pathogens (Bad Bacteria) lab

• Athanasius Kircher- investigated the blood of plague (bubonic) noted the presence of "little worms" or "animalcules" in the blood cause bacteria
• Agostino Bassi -  discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a living, very small, parasitic organism
• Nicolas Andry discovered microorganisms called "worms" were responsible for smallpox and other diseases
• Richard Bradley theorized that the plague and 'all pestilential distempers' were caused by 'poisonous insects
• Streptococcus mutans - is a facultatively anaerobic, gram￾positive coccus commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay.  
• Streptococcus mutans( dental caries) ◼ Causes tooth decay ◼ Bacteria lives in mouth ◼ Destroys enamel ◼ Causes toothache/loss ◼ Oral hygiene is important ◼ Treatment: Area removed and filled
• Escherichia coli ◼ E. coli - is a coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. ◼ Cause: O157:H7 is one of the strains, and produces a toxin known as Shiga. It is one of the most powerful toxins, and it can cause an intestinal infection. ◼ Most types of E. coli are harmless and even help keep your digestive tract healthy 
• Escherichia coli ◼ MOT and Pathology: Fecal- oral; Normal flora of human colon; UTI ( most common cause) ◼ Treatment: Quinolones and self-limiting ◼ Prevention: Handwashing, remove urinary catheters, water and food handling
• Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus(pharnygitis) ◼ Causes strep throat ◼ Symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen eck glands ◼ Inhaled or ingested ◼ Treated with antibiotics: Penicillin
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis ◼ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans. ◼ Causes tuberculosis ◼ Symptoms: fatigue, fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, chest pains, hemoptysis

  MOT: droplet ◼ Treated with antibiotics: 4-drug regimen: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol or streptomycin.
• Leprosy ◼ Leprosy is an infectious disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms, legs, and skin areas around the body. ◼ Cause: Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis , also known as Hansen's disease ◼ Symptoms: disfiguring skin sores, lumps, or bumps that do not go away after several weeks or months. The skin sores are pale-colored.

  MOT: droplets from nasal and other secretions from patients with untreated M. leprae infection ◼ Diagnosis: skin biopsy and skin smear test ◼ Treatment: dapsone with rifampicin, and clofazimine
• Leprosy Prevention: 1. Exclude people with leprosy from childcare, preschool, school and work until approval to return has been given by an infectious diseases physician 2. Control is best achieved by the rapid elimination of infectivity in people with leprosy using multi-drug therapy 3.Because close and prolonged contact is required for transmission, travellers to areas where leprosy is present have a very low risk of contracting the disease.
• Whooping Cough ◼ Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection ◼ it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop.“ ◼ Cause: Bordetella pertussis ◼ MOT: contagious disease, person to person

  Symptoms:Runny nose ,Nasal congestion, Red watery eyes,Fever ,Cough ◼ Diagnosis: swab inside your nose and/or throat, blood test and chest x-ray ◼ Treatment: Erythromycin is taken for 2 weeks ◼ Prevention : DTaP vaccine
• Clostridium tetani ◼ Clostridium tetani is a motile, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria (terminal spores with drum stick appearance) ◼ Causes tetanus ◼ Symptoms: stiff jaw, muscle spasms, paralysis, lock jaw ◼ Thru punctures and wounds

  Clean wounds/antibiotics/vaccine ◼ Prevention: vaccine:DTaP/Tdap ◼ Treatment: Tetanus immune globulin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline.
• Borrelia burgdorferi ◼ Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne obligate parasite ;is a Gram-negative spirochete bacteria ;is an example vector borne transmission ◼ Causes: Lyme disease ◼ Symptoms: site rash, chills, body aches, joint swelling ◼ Thru tick bites ◼ Treated with antibiotics: amoxicillin or cefuroxime
• Borrelia burgdorferi ◼ Reservoir: Deer ◼ Diagnosis: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ◼ Vector: ticks ◼ First symptom: bull’s eye rash ◼ Second phase: irregular heart beat, encephalitis ◼ Third phase: arthritis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae ◼ Symptoms: cough, fever, weight loss, chest pain ◼ Diagnosis: direct sputum culture ◼ Prevention: Vaccination ◼ Treatment: Penicillin or Erothromycin
• Streptococcus pneumoniae ◼ Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is responsible for the majority of community-acquired pneumonia. ◼ Causes pneumonia, meningitis ◼ MOT: droplet 
• Neissereia gonorrhoeae ◼ also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural) is a species of Gram￾negative diplococci bacteria ◼ Causes: gonorrhea, Pelvic inflammation disease , STD/STI ◼ Symptoms: open sores and painful urination ◼ MOT: Thru sexual contact
• Neissereia gonorrhoeae ◼ Treated with antibiotics: Ceftriaxone ◼ Prevention: Safe sex ◼ Diagnosis: Culture(gram neg intracellular diplococci
• Treponema pallidum ◼ Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with various subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws. ◼ is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. ◼ Causes: syphilis
• Tinea pedis or ringworm of the foot ◼ Athlete's foot — is a contagious fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. ◼ Cause: fungus ◼ MOT: direct contact with the infection and by skin particles left on towels, shoes, or floors
• Treponema pallidum ◼ Symptoms: open sores, painful urination, rash, aches/pains, damage to brain and spinal cord ◼ Thru sexual contact ◼ Treated with antibiotics : Penicillin ◼ Prevention: safe sex
• Tinea pedis or ringworm of the foot ◼ Athlete's foot — is a contagious fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. ◼ Cause: fungus ◼ MOT: direct contact with the infection and by skin particles left on towels, shoes, or floors.  
• Diagnosis: skin lesion potassium hydroxide exam ◼ Symptoms: sharing socks, shoes, or towels with an infected person, having sweaty feet, keeping your feet wet for long periods of time ◼ Prevention: Wash feet daily, dry feet well, including between the toes, avoid walking barefoot, Change shoes and socks at least once daily
• Tinea pedis or ringworm of the foot

  Prevention: Do not share shoes or towels with others, Use powder to reduce perspiration and wear well-fitting, ventilated shoes ◼ Treatment: Clotrimazole cream
• Bacillus anthracis ◼ Bacillus anthracis is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria ◼ Causes :anthrax ◼ Symptoms: rash, difficulty breathing and seeing ◼ Thru inhalation, ingestion, cuts/wounds ◼ MOT: airborne and direct contact ◼ Treated with antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin and doxycyclin
• Clostridium botulinum ◼ Clostridium botulinum is a Gram￾positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore￾forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. ◼ Cause: botulism toxins ◼ Symptoms: cramps, vomiting, breathing problems, difficulty swallowing, double vision, and weakness or paralysis.
• Clostridium botulinum ◼ Treatment: Penicillin G/Metronidazole ◼ Diagnosis: Brain scan, Spinal fluid examination, Nerve and muscle function tests ◼ MOT: ingestion of toxin-contaminated food ◼ Incubation period: -Neurologic symptoms from food borne- 12-36 hours after ingestion
• Clostridium botulinum -Neurologic symptoms inhalation-24 to 72 hours after aerosol exposure - Not transmitted person to person
• Salmonella ◼ Salmonella is the type of bacteria cause of food-related illness Cause: Salmonellosis ◼ Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever and chills ◼ Incubation period: several hours to two days
• Salmonella ◼ Prevention: regular handwashing, ensuring all food is well cooked and carefully stored, and not keeping pet reptiles in the home ◼ MOT: person-to-person or animal￾to-person via the faecal–oral route ◼ Treatment: Anti-diarrheals￾loperamide (Imodium A-D)
• Entamoeba histolytica ◼ Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive, pathogenic protozoan, causing amoebiasis, ◼ Causes: Amoebas of the Entamoeba group ◼ Symptoms: fever, chills, bloody or mucous diarrhoea, and abdominal discomfort ◼ MOT: fecal- oral route, either directly from person-to-person contact
• Entamoeba histolytica ◼ Prevention: improve sanitation ◼ Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl) or Tinidazole (Tindamax)-these drugs kill the parasites ◼ Incubation period: 2-4 weeks but may range from a few days to years
• Vibrio cholerae ◼ Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. ◼ Causes: cholera ◼ Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration ◼ Thru drinking contaminated water ◼ Treated with antibiotics
• Vibrio cholerae ◼ MOT: Fecal-oral, enterotoxin(watery stool) ◼ Prevention: Public health education, personal hygiene
• H. Pylori ◼ Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. ◼ Cause: peptic ulcers, gastritis ◼ Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, upper belly pain ❑ Diagnosis: Endoscopy and biopsy (e.g. histological examination, culture and rapid urease test)
• Helicobacter pylori ◼ Prevention: Handwashingafter you use the bathroom and before you prepare or eat food ◼ Treatment: amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin), metronidazole (Flagyl), tetracycline (Sumycin), or tinidazole (Tindamax)
• HIV ◼ Symptoms: headache, fever, tiredness, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, thrush ◼ Diagnosis: Antibody/Antigen Combination Tests ◼ Treatment : antiretroviral therapy ◼ Prevention: abstinence, use condom, education
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◼ HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, our body’s natural defence against illness. ◼ Cause: contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids ◼ MOT: sex or sharing injection drug equipment, such as needles, with someone who has HIV