els 3

• Photosynthesis


  The process by which plants use light energy and chlorophyll to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water

  
• Cellular Respiration


  The process that releases chemical energy for use by the cell
• General Types of organisms in the ecosystem

  • Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs


  Known as the "self-feeders", are organisms that can produce their own food
• Heterotrophs


  Known as the "other-feeders", are organisms that feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain the energy they need
• Types of Autotrophs


  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs
• Photoautotrophs


  Are organisms that can produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis
• Chemoautotrophs


  Organisms that use the energy from chemical substances in synthesizing food such as sulfur, ammonia and nitrite ions
• Metabolism


  The sum total of all chemical reactions that happen in an organism
• Phases of Metabolism


  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism

  
• Anabolism


  The constructive phase of metabolism: simple substances are processed into more complex substances
• Catabolism


  The destructive phase of metabolism: complex substances are broken down into simpler substances
• Phases of Photosynthesis


  1. Light Reaction

  2. Dark Reaction/Calvin Cycle

  
• Light Reaction


  • Occurs in the thylakoids found in chloroplasts
  • Light energy strikes chlorophyll bodies and electrons become excited
  • Electrons are accepted by NADP in the electron transport chain
  • Light splits water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen, oxygen is released
  • Hydrogen atoms are carried by the electron transport chain
  • Energy is generated with the formation of ATP

  
• Dark Reaction/Calvin Cycle


  • Occurs in the stroma, regions within the chloroplast
  • Carbon dioxide enters the plant and combines with RuDP
  • A six carbon sugar will be formed and break down into two PGA
  • PGAL is formed from PGA and NADPH
  • Glucose is formed from two PGAL molecules
  • Most PGAL will be used to regenerate more RuDP using ATP

  
• Cellular Respiration


  Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Makes use of oxygen to break glucose to produce ATP

  Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: Can yield ATP without oxygen, using other molecules
• Site of Cellular Respiration

  Mitochondria, the "powerhouse of the cell"
• Compartments in Mitochondria


  • Intermembrane Space
  • Matrix
• Chemical Reactions in Cellular Respiration

  • Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (REDOX Reaction)
  • Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
  • Enzyme Actions
• Oxidation


  Happens if a molecule donates energy-rich electrons
• Reduction


  Happens when a molecule gains energy by receiving electrons
• Phosphorylation


  The addition of phosphate group of ATP to any molecule
• Dephosphorylation


  Occurs when a phosphate group is removed from a molecule
• Enzymes


  Specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
• Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis
  • Transition Reaction
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain / Chemiosmosis
• Exergonic Process


  A chemical reaction that releases energy
• Endergonic Process


  A chemical reaction that yields product rich in potential energy
• Glycolysis


  1. A process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules

  2. Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell
• Pyruvic Acid


  Supplies energy to cells through the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking (fermentation)
• Transition Reaction


  Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis is converted to Acetyl-CoA
• Krebs Cycle

  1. The central biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration

  2. Acetyl CoA reacts with Oxaloacetic Acid, forming Citric Acid which is eventually reduced to other forms

  3. For every molecule of Acetyl-CoA, the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 16 H atoms

  
• Electron Transport System


  1. The products of previous processes will be used to generate multiple ATP molecules

  2. NADH and FADH would be oxidized to NAD and FAD

  3. As electrons are flown down the energy stairs, enough energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

  4. H atoms would be accepted by O2, producing H2O

  
• Anaerobic Cellular Respiration


  A type of cellular respiration that can yield ATP without oxygen, using other molecules
• Fermentation


  A process that occurs when an intracellular molecule (such as pyruvic acid) becomes the final acceptor of electrons
• Types of Fermentation


  • Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation


  Pyruvic acid + NADH is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Lactic Acid Fermentation


  Pyruvic Acid + NADH + H is converted to Lactic Acid + NAD
• ADP


  Adenosine Diphosphate
• ATP


  Adenosine Triphosphate
• NADP


  Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate