1.4 proteins + enzymes

• what elements make up protein?

  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

  
• what determines the function and shape of proteins?

  sequence of bases determine sequence of amino acids which determine protein type

  
• polypeptide chain


  string of many amino acids connected by peptide bonds

  
• structural


  collagen in bones, rigid support, elastin in skin, fibrous protein in cell membrane, provides stretch, provides support

  
• enzymes


  biological catalysts made of globular protein folded in a particular way to expose the active site

  
• what makes enzymes?

  all living cells

  
• enzymes make...


  ...products, or form substrate

  
• relationship between active site and substrate


  complimentarily fit together

  
• when are enzymes most active?

  in their optimum conditions (temp, pH, substrate concentration)

  
• hormones


  chemical messengers that carry information travelling through bloodstream, shaped to fit receptors on tissues
• antibodies


  y-shaped, gives immunity against pathogens

  
• pathogens


  bacteria, virus, disease-causer

  
• receptors


  proteins inside or on a cell that receive messages then send them to the brain