BOTANY

• Botany - the scientific study of plants
• Botane - pasture or grass
• Aristotle - Founder of Plant Science; wrote that plant life is lower and less specialized than animal life
• Theophrastus - Father of Plant Science; Wrote two books which are entitled the History of Plants and Causes of Plants.
• Plants - multicellular living things that are able to photosynthesise and reproduce
• Life-span factor of plants

  1. Genetic makeup
  2. Environmental condition
• Seed Plants - are plants that form seeds; also called as spermatophytes
• Gymnospermae - seed plants which have seeds but do not have flowers; their seeds are enclosed on a scale-like structure called cones.
• Angiospermae - seed plants which have both seeds and flowers; their seeds are enclosed in a an enclosed structure called fruit.
• Two groups or classes of Angiosperms

  1. Monocot
  2. Dicot
• Monocot - has only one cotyledon in the seeds; long narrow linear leaves with vein parallel to the central vein.
• Dicot - has two cotyledon; have broad leaves with netted venation.
• Monocot:

  • One cotyledon
  • Fibrous roots
  • Parallel veins
  • Multiples of 3 flowers
• Dicot:

  • Two cotyledon
  • Tap roots
  • Netted veins
  • 4 or 5 flowers
• Seedless Vascular Plants - contains vascular tissues but do not produce flowers or seeds; reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds.
• Nonvascular Plants - also called as bryophytes; lack roots, stems, and leaves (have rhizoid instead).
• Leaves - lateral outgrowth of the stem; highly effective energy converters.
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Blade - broad, flat, light harvesting portion of the leaf
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Midrib - long thickened structure continuation of the petiole up to the end of the leaf.
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Veins - found in both sides of the midrib; the continuation of vascular tissues.
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Petiole - cylindrical stalk which attaches the blade to the stem.
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Stipules - earlike lobe at the base of the petiole.
• Parts of a Leaf

  • If there is no petiole or stalk, the leaves are called sessile (no petiole).
• Label the parts of the leaf

  A) Apex

  B) Margin

  C) Veins

  D) Midrib

  E) Base

  F) Petiole

  G) Stipules

  H) Blade

  
• Variation of the Leaves: According to Composition

  • Simple - has only one blade
• Variation of the Leaves: According to Venation

  • Parallel - Monocot
  • Netted - Dicot
• Stem - plant axis that bears buds and shoots; composed of vascular tissues that conducts water, minerals, and foods to other parts of the plants.
• Modified Stems

  • Bulb - when cut in half, will show concentric rings.
  • example: onion
• Modified Stems

  • Clove - bulblike structure that separates into several pieces when broken apart.
  • example: garlic
• Modified Stems

  • Tuber - either on strings or clusters underneath parent plants.
  • example: potatoes
• Modified Stems

  • Rhizome - large creeping rootstock or underground stems.
  • example: ginger
• Modified Stems

  • Runner - also known as Stolons; horizontal, aboveground stems
  • example: strawberries
• Roots - the organ that lies below the surface of the soil.
• Types of Roots

  • Tap Root - Dicot; large, central, dominant, very thick, and grows directly downward.
• Types of Roots

  • Fibrous Root - Monocot; thin, moderately breaching roots growing from the stem.
• Types of Roots

  • Adventitious Root - on stressful environments; forms on any other plant part other than the root.
• Types of Roots

  • Aerating Root - roots rising above the ground; has pores for gas exchange
• Types of Roots

  • Buttress Root - large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowy rooted tree; found in rainforests.
• Flower - the reproductive structure found in flowering plants.
• Parts of a Flower

  • Stamen - Male part of the flower