Aristotle - Founder of Plant Science; wrote that plant life is lower and less specialized than animal life
Theophrastus - Father of Plant Science; Wrote two books which are entitled the History of Plants and Causes of Plants.
Plants - multicellular living things that are able to photosynthesise and reproduce
Life-span factor of plants
Genetic makeup
Environmental condition
Seed Plants - are plants that form seeds; also called as spermatophytes
Gymnospermae - seed plants which have seeds but do not have flowers; their seeds are enclosed on a scale-like structure called cones.
Angiospermae - seed plants which have both seeds and flowers; their seeds are enclosed in a an enclosed structure called fruit.
Two groups or classes of Angiosperms
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot - has only one cotyledon in the seeds; long narrow linear leaves with vein parallel to the central vein.
Dicot - has two cotyledon; have broad leaves with netted venation.
Monocot:
One cotyledon
Fibrous roots
Parallel veins
Multiples of 3 flowers
Dicot:
Two cotyledon
Tap roots
Netted veins
4 or 5 flowers
Seedless Vascular Plants - contains vascular tissues but do not produce flowers or seeds; reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds.
Nonvascular Plants - also called as bryophytes; lack roots, stems, and leaves (have rhizoid instead).
Leaves - lateral outgrowth of the stem; highly effective energy converters.
Parts of a Leaf
Blade - broad, flat, light harvesting portion of the leaf
Parts of a Leaf
Midrib - long thickened structure continuation of the petiole up to the end of the leaf.
Parts of a Leaf
Veins - found in both sides of the midrib; the continuation of vascular tissues.
Parts of a Leaf
Petiole - cylindrical stalk which attaches the blade to the stem.
Parts of a Leaf
Stipules - earlike lobe at the base of the petiole.
Parts of a Leaf
If there is no petiole or stalk, the leaves are called sessile (no petiole).
Label the parts of the leaf
A) Apex
B) Margin
C) Veins
D) Midrib
E) Base
F) Petiole
G) Stipules
H) Blade
Variation of the Leaves: According to Composition
Simple - has only one blade
Variation of the Leaves: According to Venation
Parallel - Monocot
Netted - Dicot
Stem - plant axis that bears buds and shoots; composed of vascular tissues that conducts water, minerals, and foods to other parts of the plants.
Modified Stems
Bulb - when cut in half, will show concentric rings.
example: onion
Modified Stems
Clove - bulblike structure that separates into several pieces when broken apart.
example: garlic
Modified Stems
Tuber - either on strings or clusters underneath parent plants.
example: potatoes
Modified Stems
Rhizome - large creeping rootstock or underground stems.
example: ginger
Modified Stems
Runner - also known as Stolons; horizontal, aboveground stems
example: strawberries
Roots - the organ that lies below the surface of the soil.
Types of Roots
Tap Root - Dicot; large, central, dominant, very thick, and grows directly downward.
Types of Roots
Fibrous Root - Monocot; thin, moderately breaching roots growing from the stem.
Types of Roots
Adventitious Root - on stressful environments; forms on any other plant part other than the root.
Types of Roots
Aerating Root - roots rising above the ground; has pores for gas exchange
Types of Roots
Buttress Root - large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowy rooted tree; found in rainforests.
Flower - the reproductive structure found in flowering plants.