PURC MIDTERM

• Variety of a language

  A specific set of linguistic items or human speech patterns (sounds, words, grammatical features) which can be associated with some external factor (geographical area or a social group)
• Domain


  The class of situation within which a certain speech variety is used
• Pidgin


  • A new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don't share a common language
  • The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular language (called the 'lexifier')
• Creole


  • When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community
  • A distinct language which has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but has its own unique grammatical rules
  • Not restricted in use, and is like any other language in its full range of functions
• Examples of Creoles


  • Gullah
  • Jamaican Creole
  • Hawai`i Creole English
• Regional dialect


  A variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country
• Minority dialect


  A variety used by members of a particular minority ethnic group as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety
• Examples of minority dialects

  • African American Vernacular English in the USA
  • London Jamaican in Britain
  • Aboriginal English in Australia
• Indigenized variety


  Varieties spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations, with differences from the standard variety linked to English proficiency or used to express identity
• Example of indigenized variety


  • Singlish (spoken in Singapore)
• Dialect


  A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary
• Register


  The way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances, determined by factors like social occasion, context, purpose, and audience
• Jargon


  The specialized language of a professional or occupational group, usually meaningless to outsiders
• Regional dialect


  A variety spoken in a particular region
• Sociolect


  Also known as a social dialect, a variety of language (or register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any other social group
• Ethnolect


  A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group, e.g. Ebonics
• Idiolect


  The language or languages spoken by each individual, including their different registers and styles
• Language varieties, or lects, that people speak often serve as the basis for judgment, and even exclusion, from certain social groups, professions, and business organizations
• Pidgin


  A blend of several different languages spoken by a multicultural population into one mutually understood language, with words from the speakers' mother tongues and an extremely flexible, simplified grammar
• Creole


  A mixture of multiple languages where the new mixed language becomes the native language for the majority of its speakers, with vocabulary extensively borrowed from other languages but grammar often sharing few traits with the contributing languages
• Static register


  A style of communication that RARELY or NEVER changes, frozen in time and content
• Examples of static register

  • The Pledge of Allegiance
  • The Lord's Prayer
  • The Preamble to the US Constitution
  • The Alma Mater
  • Bibliographic references
  • Laws
• Formal register


  Language used in formal settings, one-way in nature, following a commonly accepted format, impersonal and formal
• Examples of formal register

  • Sermons
  • Rhetorical statements and questions
  • Speeches
  • Pronouncements made by judges
  • Announcements
• Consultative register


  A standard form of communication with a mutually accepted structure, formal and with societal expectations
• Examples of consultative register

  • Communications between strangers
  • Communications between a superior and a subordinate
  • Doctor & patient
  • Lawyer & client
  • Lawyer & judge
  • Teacher & student
  • Counselor & client
• Casual register


  Informal language used by peers and friends, including slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms
• Examples of casual register

  • Conversations between buddies
  • Conversations between teammates
  • Chats and emails
  • Blogs
  • Letters to friends
• Intimate register


  Private communication reserved for close family members or intimate people
• Examples of intimate register

  • Husband & wife
  • Boyfriend & girlfriend
  • Siblings
  • Parent & children
• In global business, the ability to function effectively in different cultural contexts is very important
• Cultural intelligence


  • Knowing yourself, knowing others, and leading together
• Stages of intercultural sensitivity

  • Denial
  • Defense/Reversal
  • Minimization
  • Acceptance
  • Adaptation
  • Integration
• Denial


  Not interested in cultural differences and care less about people from other cultures, need to learn about other cultures and explore the culture difference
• Defense or Reversal


  Feel threatened by cultural difference, tend to be highly critical of other cultures, or heavily criticize their own culture, need to manage anxiety about other cultures and embrace tolerance and patience
• Minimization


  Begin to find commonalities (Superficial cultures) between themselves and people of other cultures, think they are doing okay but they are not, need to develop cultural self-awareness and experience difference
• Acceptance


  Able to recognize and appreciate cultural difference through both behaviors and values though do not necessarily agree, need to have respect for others' values and beliefs and maintain tolerance of ambiguity
• Adaptation


  Able to see the world through another's "Eyes" and change their behavior in order to communicate more effectively, need to experience empathy for other cultures and develop risk-taking skills and problem-solving skills
• Integration


  Often culture mediators who are able to help others understand different cultures and promote unity between different cultures
• Denial


  • Need to criticize their own culture
  • Need to manage anxiety about other cultures
  • Need to embrace tolerance and patience