SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• mostly came from sediments

  sedimentary rocks
• loose, solid particles that originated by weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks of any type

  sedimentary rocks
• loose, solid particles that originated by precipitation of minerals dissolved ini water and remains of plants and animals

  sedimentary rocks
• what is the process of sedimentary

  weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis
• chemical alteration, physical, and biological breakdown of rocks during exposure to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere

  weathering
• physical breakdown of rocks leading to changes in size, shape, roundness, etc. with no accompanying changes in the composition of the rock

  physical or mechanical weathering
• breakdown (decomposition) of minerals by chemical reactions with water, chemicals dissolved in water, or with gases in the air

  chemical weathering
• water seeps into cracks or joints in rocks, the water freezes and expands, exerting pressure on the surrounding rock

  frost wedging
• mechanical wearing down of rocks due to the impact of other rocks, sediments, or moving water with the surface of the rock becomes smoother and more rounded

  grinding or abrasion
• repeated expansion and contraction of the rock leading to cracking and eventual fragmentation

  heating and cooling
• rocks containing clay minerals absorb water when wet and release it when dry

  wetting and drying
• plant roots growing into cracks or burrowing animals that break down rocks

  organisms
• overlying materials is removed, relieving pressure on the underlying rock

  unloading
• ionic crystals break down into ions in liquid

  dissolution
• minerals reacts with water to form hydroxides

  hydrolysis
• CO2 readily reacts with water forming weak acids

  acidification
• the addition of water into the crystal structure of a mineral

  hydration
• banded-iron formations (BIF) and acid mine drainage (amd)

  redox
• transfer of ions between waters rich in one of the ions and minerals rich in another

  ion-exchange
• reverse of bowen's stability series

  goldich stability series
• it describes the order in which minerals are most resistance to chemical weathering

  goldich stability series
• what are the factors controlling weathering?

  source composition, climate, and topographic relief
• what do you call the difference in elevation between two points?

  relief
• complex combination of rock/regolith (~45%), organic materials (~5%), and spaces (~50%) filled with varying amount of water and air

  soil
• thickness of soil is determined by degree of weathering

  soil profile
• soil horizons is classified into?

  O A E B C R
• soil can be classified based on texture into: clay, silt, sand, and loam
• soil order of chemical and biological properties can be classified into twelve
• soil can be classified into these 4 special terms

  pedocal, caliche, pedalfer, and laterite
• movement of rock and soil through different agents (gravity, water, wind, ice, and organism)

  erosion
• these are the dominant natural agents of erosion in the Philippines

  water and gravity
• movement of eroded materials (sediments and dissolved ions) from their site of erosion to site of deposition

  transportation
• modes of transportation include:

  solution, suspension, saltation, and traction
• this is used in classifying in grain size (gravels, sands, and mud)

  udden-wentworth scale
• this unit is used to remember size difference

  phi
• measure in the variation of grain sizes

  sorting
• smoothness of surface

  roundness
• closeness of grain to sphere due to abrasion during transport

  sphericity
• biggest size an agent can carry

  competence
• maximum load of sediment an agent can transport

  capacity