prefi reviewer

• Solids


  • Solid molecules simply vibrate and rotate in place rather than move about
  • Solids are generally held together by ionic or strong covalent bonding, and the attractive forces between the atoms, lons, or molecules in solids are very strong
  • Particles in a solid are held in fixed positions; definite volume and have very little freedom of movement
  • Solids have definite shapes and definite volumes and are not compressible to any extent
• Crystalline solids


  Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid exist in a regular, well-defined arrangement
• Unit cell


  The smallest repeating pattern of crystalline solids
• Amorphous solids


  Solids that do not have much order in their structures
• Amorphous solids


  • Glass
  • Plastics
• Types of Solids


  • Ionic Solid
  • Metallic Solid
  • Molecular Solid
  • Network Solid/Covalent
  • Amorphous Solids
• Ionic Solids


  • Composed of positive and negative ions ( +, -) held together by strong electrostatic forces
  • Poor conductor for solid but good conductor for liquid
  • High melting points and are hard brittle
• Ionic Solids


  • Sodium chloride (NaCl)
  • Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
• Metallic Solids


  • Positively charged
  • High melting point
  • Malleable and Ductile
  • Good conductor for solid and liquid
  • Consist of metal cations surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized valence electrons
• Metallic Solids


  • Copper (Cu)
  • Iron (Fe)
• Covalent Network Solids


  • Non-metal atoms (Carbon atoms)
  • High Melting Point
  • Poor electric conductor with some exception
  • Semi-Conductor
• Covalent Network Solids


  • Diamond (a form of carbon)
  • Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
• Molecular Solids


  • Low melting points
  • Soft/ insulator
• Molecular Solids


  • Ice (H2O)
  • Dry ice (solid CO2)
• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture with a uniform distribution of solution
• Two solutions made up of same substances may have different composition</b>
• Concentrated


  Relatively large quantity of solute dissolved
• Dilute


  Relatively small quantity of solute dissolved
• Solute


  The substance present in relatively small amount
• Solvent


  The medium where solutes are dissolved
• Miscible


  Two liquids dissolve in each other in all proportions, no boundaries
• Miscible


  • Water and alcohol
• Immiscible


  Two liquids that are insoluble to each other, clear boundaries
• Immiscible


  • Oil and water
• Saturated solution


  Concentration at the solubility limit for a given temperature
• Unsaturated solution


  Concentration less than the solubility limit
• Supersaturated solution


  Concentration of solute is greater than the normal solubility limit, facilitated with the increase of temperature