socialism

• thinkers


  - marx and engels

  - rosa luxenburg

  - beatrice webb

  - anthony crossland

  - anothony giddens
• human nature


  - optimistic

  - plastic

  - impacted by environment and circumstances

  - will get better
• human nature - marx and engels


  - has been changed and damaged by capitalist values → HN would return to natural state during revolutionary socialism

  - Capitalism created a false consciousness cos peoples ideas of true human nature have been corrupted
• Human Nature - Rosa Luxemburg


  -Humans are co-operative and fraternal. These qualities still exist in working class communities despite the capitalist system.

  -Communists should aim to strengthen and highlight these qualities to build widespread support for a revolution.

  - revolution would be spontaneous not planned
• human nature - beatrice webb

  - gradual change to a more cooperative society
• human nature - anthony crosland


  - people had an innate sense of fairness

  - comprehensive education (grammar schools divide people up, giving people unequal opportunities) will help future of human nature
• Human Nature - Anthony Giddens


  - Agreed that capitalism had 'corrosive' impact on human nature but believed capitalism and individualism are so well established they are beyond change
• society


  - social environment has big impact on people --> link to big impact of class distinctions (but diff views of extent of impact)

  - equality of outcome (of oppurtunity isn't enough)

  - inequality passed down generations
• Society - Marx and Engels

  -Capitalist society is driven by class conflict and division.

  - argued higher classes will be exploited by lower classes, class consciousness will develop and working class will rise up and destroy them
• Society - Rosa Luxemburg


  -She ultimately envisaged a classless society, to be brought about through a mass uprising of the working classes to achieve the socialist revolution.

  -Workers should be mobilised through trade unions, education and social movements.
• Society - Beatrice Webb

  The poverty and inequalities of a capitalist society continue to depress human potential while fostering regressive competition.
• Society - Anthony Crosland


  Society is increasingly complicated, altered by the emergence of new social groups comprising 'meritocratic' managers and 'classless' technocrats
• Society - Anthony Giddens


  Society has undergone embourgeoisement - egalitarians must harness, rather than deny, these forces (use capitalism)
• economy


  - full removal of capitalism / moderating it

  - integral

  - collectivism (public services, common ownership, state regulation)
• economy - marx and engels

  - complete removal of capitalism by force, all companies under control of the state/workers, redistribution of wealth for complete equality
• The Economy - Rosa Luxemburg

  -Capitalism is more resilient than Marx initially perceived.

  -Following the revolution, it will take time for the capitalist system to be completely eradicated.

  -The Proletariat must be organised and determined to overcome capitalist forces.
• the economy - beatrice webb


  -Common ownership will eventually replace the capitalist system.

  -However, this should not be achieved through a violent revolution, which would only cause chaos and destruction.

  -A socialist economy will evolve eventually.
• the economy - anthony crosland


  - Argued for a keynesian mixed economy → thought this would see full employment and economic growth which could fund a welfare state based on socialist principles
• The Economy - Anthony Giddens


  - Combine free-market economics with social cohesion, create a better way forward

  - State should concentrate on public services (like education) rather than economic management

  - Accepted economic equality instead of focusing on equality of opportunity
• the state


  - strong state ensuring equality

  - state running economy

  - collectivism (not monarchy / elite rule)
• The State - Marx & Engels


  - eventually wither away

  - dictatorship of the proletariat

  - Argued that the state in capitalist countries was controlled by the elites and any concessions to workers were merely tactics to stop / slow down road to revolution
• The State - Rosa Luxemburg


  -She disagreed with Marx and Lenin over the need for a 'dictatorship of the Proletariat' as part of the socialist phrase.

  -She argued that a socialist state could have free elections in which a communist party would win greater support in advance of the eventual transition to communism.
• The State - Beatrice Webb


  - If harnessed to universal suffrage, the existing state could be used to effect a gradual transition to socialism

  - Believed state intervention and trade unionism could counter poverty

  - Committed to evolutionary socialism - state could bring about move to socialism and create economy based on common ownership (wealth shared by workers)
• The State - Anthony Crosland


  Social democracy - state manages the economy (keynes) rather than directly owning and running industry
• the state - anthony giddens

  The existing liberal state should be improved, redistributing and decentralising political power while encouraging greater political participation.

  - State should concentrate on public services (like education) rather than economic management
• type of socialist - marx and engels

  revolutionary socialism
• type of socialist - rosa luxemburg


  revolutionary socialism
• type of socialist - beatrice webb

  democratic socialism
• type of socialist - anthony crosland

  social democrat
• type of socialist - anthony giddens


  third way