purc midterms

• Variety of a language

  A specific set of linguistic items or human speech patterns (sounds, words, grammatical features) which can be associated with some external factor (geographical area or a social group)(Wardhaugh, 1986, p.22)
• Domain


  A social situation as the implementation of the rights and duties of a particular role relationship in the place most appropriate or most typical for that relationship, and at the time societally defined as appropriate for that relationship
• Pidgin


  • A new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don't share a common language
  • The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular language (called the 'lexifier')
• Creole


  • When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community
  • Like a pidgin, a creole is a distinct language which has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but has its own unique grammatical rules
  • Unlike a pidgin, a creole is not restricted in use, and is like any other language in its full range of functions
• Creoles


  • Gullah
  • Jamaican Creole
  • Hawai'i Creole English
• Regional dialect


  A variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country
• Minority dialect


  A variety used by members of a particular minority ethnic group as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety
• Indigenized variety


  Varieties spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations, with differences from the standard variety linked to English proficiency or used to express identity
• Indigenized variety


  • Singlish (spoken in Singapore)
• Register


  Sets of vocabulary items associated with discrete occupational or social groups
• Five language registers or styles

  • Static/Frozen Register
  • Formal Register
  • Consultative Register
  • Casual Register
  • Intimate Register
• Static/Frozen Register


  A style of communication that rarely or never changes and does not require feedback, frozen in time and content
• Formal Register


  Language used in formal settings, following a commonly accepted format, used in impersonal and formal settings
• Formal Register


  • Sermons
  • Speeches
  • Oration
  • Pronouncements made by judges
• Consultative Register


  A formal and societal professional discourse, with a mutually accepted structure of communication
• Consultative Register


  • Communications between a superior and subordinate
  • Doctor and patient
  • Lawyer and client
  • Teacher and student
  • Parent and child
• Casual Register


  Informal language used by peers and friends, including slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms, used by members of a group
• Casual Register


  • Chats
  • Blogs
  • Letters to friends
• Intimate Register


  Private communication reserved for close family members or intimate people, taking into account endearment in a certain relationship or bond
• Intimate Register


  • Husband and wife
  • Siblings
  • Parent
• Two types of registers

  • Formal (Frozen/Static, Consultative, Formal)
  • Informal (Casual, Intimate)
• Multimodal


  A dynamic convergence of two or more communication modes within the same text, with all modes attended to as part of meaning-making
• Multimodal text


  Combines two or more semiotic systems, delivered via different media or technologies
• Multimodal text delivery media

  • Paper (books, comics, posters)
  • Digital (slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web pages, social media, animation, film, video games)
  • Live (performance, event)
  • Transmedia (story told using multiple delivery channels)
• Five semiotic systems to make meanings in a multimodal text

  • Linguistic
  • Visual
  • Audio
  • Gestural
  • Spatial
• Phones


  A dominant form of communication, with wireless messaging and smartphones enabling PC and multimedia functionality
• Email


  A standard form of business communication, particularly for short messages requiring action, allowing communication with many customers and stakeholders
• Texting


  The most personal form of business communication, with a personal text number reserved for close associates, and communications tending to be more urgent than email
• Instant messaging

  For longer discussions than texting, allowing time to think before responding, and contributing to successful negotiations
• Social networking


  Essential for getting messages out, requiring an informal communication style, and enabling relationship marketing
• Tweeting


  Broadcasting very short messages called "tweets" to people who have elected to follow your posts, to raise awareness rather than drive immediate sales
• Blogs


  Web logs, often written by amateurs, that can be a good way to spread the word about a product or service, and are used by companies as a primary communication channel
• Video conferencing

  An effective communication tool for conveying messages with physical gestures and facial expressions, and saving travel costs
• Multimedia


  Uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content, distinguished from mixed media by including audio
• Presentation program


  Software package used to display information in the form of a slide show, with three major functions: an editor for text and graphics, and a slide-show system
• Multimedia presentation


  Differs from a normal presentation in that it contains some form of animation or media, such as video, movie clip, animation, or sound
• Twelve tips for creating effective presentations

  • Design a template free from distracting items
  • Ensure your template promotes readability
  • Select a sans serif font
  • Use fonts 24 point or larger
  • Limit text to what can reasonably fit on a slide
  • Use high-quality images and graphics
  • Avoid clutter and distractions
  • Use consistent formatting
  • Limit the number of slides
  • Rehearse and time your presentation
  • Engage your audience
  • Avoid reading from slides
• Meaningful presentations


  Presentations that are free from distracting items, simple, and readable
• Design a template


  1. Make it free from distracting items

  2. Strive for simplicity and readability

  3. Keep in mind the advice of French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: "A designer knows he has achieved perfection not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away."
• Presentation template


  • Promotes readability
  • Uses color combinations that make it easy for the audience to read the slides