REVIEW PSYASS

• process of developing a test occurs in five stages: Test Conceptualization, Test Construct, Test Tryout, Analysis, Revision
• Good item - reliable and valid. Answered correctly by high scorers on the test as a whole
• Scaling - process of setting rules for assigning numbers in measurement; process by which a measuring device is designed and calibrated.
• Guttman Scale -

  method that yields ordinal level measures. Items on it range sequentially from weaker to stronger expressions of the attitude, belief, or feeling being measured.
• Categorical Scaling - one of two or more alternative categories that differ quantitatively with respect to some continuum
• Comparative Scaling - judgments of a stimulus in comparison with every other stimulus on the scale
• Likert Scale - used extensively in psychology, usually to scale attitudes.
• Summative Scale - final test score is obtained by summing the ratings across all the items
• Rating Scale - grouping of words, statements, or symbols on which judgement of the strength of a particular trait, attitude, or emotion are indicated by the test-taker
• Stanine Scale - all raw scores on the test are to be transformed into scores that can range from 1 to 9.
• Grade-Based Scale - test takers test performance as a function.
• Age-Based Scale - test-taker’s test performance as a function of age is of critical interest.
• MBTI - MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATORSHORT FORM
• MBTI is based on:

  Carl Gustav Jung’s psychological types.

  (contemporary of Sigmund Freud 1875-1961)
• Carl Jung: Swiss psychiatrist who developed a theory of psychological types that forms the basis of the MBTI.
• • Katharine Cook Briggs: Homemaker who developed the first MBTI questionnaire.
• Isabel Briggs Myers: Daughter of Katharine Cook Briggs who further developed the MBTI and founded the Myers-Briggs Company.
• Henry Chauncey: Psychologist who helped to standardize the MBTI and make it more widely available.
• Donald W. MacKinnon: Psychologist who conducted research on the MBTI and found that it was a valid and reliable measure of personality.
• W. Grant Myers: Grandson of Isabel Briggs Myers who developed the MBTI Step II, which provides more detailed information about personality type.
• MBTI Four preferences - energy, data processing, decisions, structure
• MBTI Administration - Materials, setting, explanation and purpose of assessment, administer the questionnaire
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - is the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool utilized by mental health

  professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders.
• MMPI - Originally developed in the late 1930s, the test has been revised and updated several times to improve accuracy and validity.
• (MMPI) was developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist J. Charnley McKinley at the University of Minnesota
• The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2
• The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete.
• Intelligence - abilities to acquire and apply knowledge, reason logically, plan effectively, infer perceptively, make sound judgments and solve problems, grasp and visualize concepts, pay attention, be intuitive, find the right words and thoughts with facility, cope with, adjust to, and make the most of new situations
• Edwin G. Boring – what the tests test
• Francis Galton – most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities. He remembered as the first person to publish on the heritability of intelligence.
• Alfred Binet – Components of intelligence: reasoning, judgement, memory and abstraction.
• David Wechsler – it is composed of elements or abilities.
• Jean Piaget – Hypothesized that the learning occurs through two basic mental operations: Assimilation and Accommodation
• Charles Spearman (Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence) - General Ability and Special Ability
• Louis Leon Thurstone (Multiple Factor Theory of Intelligence) Seven Primary Mental Abilities Verbal Comprehension, Word Fluency, Number, Space, Associative Memory, Perceptual Speed, and General Reasoning.
• Howard Gardner (Multiple Intelligence Theory) Verbal, Mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Kinesthetic, Naturalistic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Existential.
• Raymond Cattell (GC and GF Intelligence) - Crystallized Intelligence or Factual Intelligence (gc) and Fluid Intelligence or Primary Reasoning Ability (gf)
• John L. Horn - GV and GQ Model
• John Carrol (Three Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities) Top Stratum or Stratum III, Second Stratum, Third Stratum or Stratum I
• Mcgrew-Flanagan: CHC Model (Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model or Broad Stratum)