EUROPE

• What sorts of things were widely shared among Europeans?

  1. religious beliefs
  2. cultural traditions 
  3. trade goods
  4. diseases 
• How did climate change in Europe during this era? How did this affect

  • climate change, such as the little ice age, increased europe’s population growth and expansion 
  • major social and cultural structures became embedded, the way agriculture worked and politicsl fragmentation 
• What was the manorial system?

  • a system where powerful landlords owned property which was then rented out to peasants who worked that land.
  • serfs were bound to this land. in exchange for saftey and protection, serfs did labor
• What was the fuedal system? What were its political implications?

  • the fudal system was a social system. it was the system of allegiance between powerful lords, monarchs, and knight
• Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450?

  • Political decentralization was caused by factors like the fragmentation of empires, the rise of feudalism, conflicts between monarchs and nobles, and the growth of urban centers
  • Consequences included the emergence of nation-states, the decline of feudalism, increased local autonomy, and the development of representative institutions like parliaments
• How European communities were organized from 1200 to 1450

  • Organized around feudalism
  • Power distributed among monarchs, nobles, and the church
  • Decentralized authority
  • Loyalty networks
  • Hierarchical structures
• Similarities between European feudalism and political organization in other parts of the world from 1200 to 1450

  In the Islamic world, political organization was centered around caliphates and sultanates, with power often consolidated under a single ruler or dynasty
• before the 1500, europe was world full of villages 
• crop failures and famine were common 
• crops and livestocks were only produced in such limited quantity 
• as population grew and uncultivated areas turned into farms, access to land became more difficult 
• land was the most valuable resource in europe
• agriculture drove the economy 
• prosperity was tied with harvests
• city growth depended on the food drawn from rural areas and the control over their countryside 
• by 1200, more power was given to local authorities than central authorities