TRIPLE I

• Ways to Collect Data

  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
• Quantitative Data Collection Methods

  • Administration
  • Observation
  • Questionnaire
• Qualitative Data Collection Methods

  • Observation
  • Interview
  • Focus Group Discussion
• Instrument Development


  The process of creating a research instrument
• Questionnaire


  The most common instrument used in quantitative research
• Questionnaire


  • Each specific question will be answered
  • No unnecessary questions must be included
• Validation


  The process of ensuring the correct data to be used in your study as a result of the prepared instrument
• Valid


  The degree to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
• Validating the Research Instrument

  1. Translate to the language most understood

  2. Terms should be unequivocal (clear)

  3. Validate your instrument through checking for comments and suggestions from research advisers or those knowledgeable in research
• Types of Validity


  • Face validity
  • Content validity
  • Construct validity
  • Criterion validity
  • Concurrent validity
  • Predictive validity
• Reliability


  The consistency of the measures of an instrument
• Types of Reliability


  • Test-retest reliability
  • Equivalent forms reliability
  • Internal consistency reliability
  • Inter-rater reliability
• Planning the Data Collection Procedure

  1. Develop your data collection instruments and materials

  2. Seek permission from the authorities and heads of the institutions or communities where you will conduct your study

  3. Select and screen the population using appropriate sampling techniques

  4. Train the raters, observers, experimenters, assistants, and other research personnel who may be involved in data gathering

  5. Obtain informed consent from the participants

  6. Pilot – test the instruments to determine potential problems that may occur when they are administered
• Data Collection Procedure (During)

  1. Provide instructions to the respondents/ participants and explain how the data will be collected

  2. Administer the instruments, and implement the intervention or treatment, if applicable

  3. Utilize triangulation in your method
• Data Collection Procedure (After)

  1. Immediately encode or transcribe and archive your data

  2. Safeguard the confidentiality of your data

  3. Examine and analyze your data using the appropriate statistical tools
• Writing the data gathering procedure

  Shows the exact details on how you would be gathering your data from the first step of soliciting permission to conduct the study from different institutions up to the retrieval of your instrument
• Data collection


  An activity that allows the researcher to obtain relevant information regarding the specified research questions or objectives
• Sources of Qualitative Data Analysis

  • Interview
  • Focus group discussion (FGD)
  • Observation
• Interview

  Verbally asking the subjects or participants/ respondents questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for
• Types of Interviews


  • Structured interview
  • Unstructured interview
  • Semi-structured interview
• Focus group discussion (FGD)

  A moderator – led discussion among a group of individuals who share a need, attitude, habit or life circumstance relevant to the research issue(s) at hand
• Observation


  Personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research
• Sources of Quantitative Data Analysis

  • Questionnaire
  • Test
  • Quantitative interview
  • Observation
• Questionnaire


  For collecting information about a particular research interest
• Likert scale


  Commonly used scale indicating subjects' level of agreement or response
• Test


  Used mainly for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing certain characteristics
• Types of Test Questions

  • Recall questions
  • Recognition questions
  • Open-ended questions
• Quantitative interview


  Involves collecting data about an individual's behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data
• Observation


  Used when the characteristics being observed are quantitative in nature
• Analyzing Qualitative Data


  Involves reading through the interview or focus group transcripts and other data, developing your codes, coding the data, and drawing connections between discrete pieces of data
• Identifying Meaningful Patterns and Themes


  The core of qualitative data analysis
• Ways to Identify Meaningful Patterns and Themes


  • Content analysis
  • Thematic Analysis
• Content analysis


  Coding the data for certain words or content, identifying their patterns, and interpreting their meanings
• Thematic Analysis


  Grouping the data into themes that will help answer the research question
• Finding Themes, Patterns, and Relationship

  1. Look for similarities and differences in different sets of data

  2. Look at the data from another perspective

  3. Show your data to other researchers

  4. Identify contradictions in the data

  5. Ask for surprises in the data
• Presentation and interpretation of tables and graphs

  Non-prose materials that help condense and classify information using columns and rows (tables) or focus on immediately representing how a change in one variable relates to another (graphs)
• Tables


  Non-prose materials that help condense and classify information using columns and rows
• Graphs


  Non-prose materials that focus on immediately representing how a change in one variable relates to another
• Feasibility Study


  An analysis that takes all of a project's relevant factors into account (economic, technical) to ascertain the likelihood of completing the project successfully
• Goal of a feasibility study


  • Thoroughly understand all aspects of a project, concept, or plan
  • Become aware of any potential problems that could occur while implementing the project