UCSP NEW 1

• Social relationships and patterns of interactions become institutions the moment they start being governed by formal and informal agreements (e.g. written laws, contracts) or by strong traditional norms
• Organizations pertain to patterns of arrangements shaped and conditioned by the overarching concerns that they aim to address
• Disciplines that study social groups

  • Sociology
  • Political Science
  • Anthropology
• Social aggregates


  A simple collection of people who happened to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another
• Social categories


  People who share a common characteristic but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another
• Social group


  Two or more people who identify with and engage with each other
• Social group


  • Common interest that necessitates interaction with each other across time and space
• Primary group


  A small social group whose members share close, personal, and enduring relationships, marked by the members' concern for one another and shared activities and culture
• Secondary group


  A collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity, opposite characteristics of a primary group, can be small or large and are mostly impersonal and usually short-term
• Reference group


  A group of individuals which an individual compares themselves against and may strive to be like, influencing their norms, attitudes, and values
• Types of reference groups

  • Normative
  • Comparative
• Networks


  A set of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other, populated by actual people and formed by the presence of social linkage invoked and availed by an individual for some personal, economic, religious, or political reasons
• In a sociological concept, networks refer to the social relationships that exist between network parts and individuals, where network elements can include social groups or teams, organizational units, or entire organizations
• Kinship


  Relations formed between members of society, explains the nature and reason for the formation of different types of bonds that exist within society
• Consanguineal kinship


  Kinship based on blood, considered the most basic and general form of relations, achieved by birth or blood affinity
• Consanguineal kinship


  • Parents, siblings, children, nephew, nieces and aunts/uncles
• Descent


  Biological relationship and an individual's child's offspring or his or her parents and ancestry
• Lineage


  The line where one's descent is traced, can be traced through the person's paternal or maternal line or both
• Unilineal descent


  • Descent is traced through a single line of ancestors from either the male or female line
  • Two basic forms: patrilineal and matrilineal
• Patrilineal descent


  • Both males and females belong to the kin group of their father but they do not belong to their mother's kin group, only the males pass on their family identity
• Matrilineal descent


  • Focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line, persons related if they can trace their descent through females to the same woman ancestor
• Bilateral descent


  • Kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and father, also called cognatic descent
• Affinal kinship


  Kinship based on marriage, refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs
• Marriage


  An important social institution where two persons, a man and a woman, enter into a family life through a public, official, and permanent declaration of their union as lifetime couples
• Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines defines marriage as a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life
• Types of marriage across cultures

  • Endogamy
  • Exogamy
  • Monogamy
  • Polygamy
  • Postmarital residency rules
  • Referred marriage
  • Arranged marriage
• Endogamy


  A compulsory marriage, in their own village, community, ethnic, social, or religious group
• Exogamy


  Out marriage is a custom where individual is required by society's norms and rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes to prevent incest
• Monogamy


  The marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only one male or female partner or mate
• Polygamy


  The practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate, can be polygyny (a man has multiple female partners) or polyandry (a woman has multiple partners)
• Postmarital residency rules


  • Patrilocal
  • Matrilocal
  • Biolocal
• Patrilocal


  Married couples stay in the house of the husband's relatives or near the husband's kin
• Matrilocal


  Married couples live in the wife's relatives or near the wife's kin
• Biolocal


  Newly wed couples stay with the husband's relatives and the wife's kin alternately
• Referred marriage


  Finding partners through people like friends and relatives who act as matchmakers, matchmakers help find possible husband or wife and refer them
• Arranged marriage


  A man or woman's parents, community leaders, religious officials or leaders determine the marital partner individual to ensure the young man and woman will marry the most appropriate person according to the dictates and rules set by the family, community, or religious group
• Types of arranged marriage

  • Child marriage
  • Exchange marriage
  • Diplomatic marriage
  • Modern arranged marriage
• Child marriage


  Parents arrange marriage of child long before the marriage takes place, marriage will be consummated in the future
• Exchange marriage


  There is a reciprocal exchange of spouses between two countries, tribes, or groups
• Diplomatic marriage


  Arranged marriage has been established between two royal or political families in order to forge political or diplomatic alliances