Tle 8 quarter 4

• Farm tools make the work much easier and faster
• Farm tools


  Hand-held tools
• Farm equipment


  Machinery used on a farm
• Classifications of hand tools according to their requirement or use

  • Cutting, pinching and gripping tools
  • Striking tools
  • Driving tools
  • Struck or hammer tools
• Cutting, pinching and gripping tools


  • Used for cutting, finishing and gripping purposes
  • Cutting tools are used to cut physical objects and remove metal or wood from workpieces
• Cutting, pinching and gripping tools

  • Pliers
  • Long nose pliers
• Striking tools


  • Used for selling, punching and riveting
  • Provide a striking force to complete various tasks
• Striking tools


  • Hammers
  • Chisels
• Driving tools


  • Designed to insert, tighten, loosen, remove screws, bolts, nails and other pointed objects or hard turn items by applying force
• Driving tools


  • Screwdrivers
  • Nut drivers
  • Hand wrenches
• Struck or hammer tools


  • Used to force a ball pin or rivet in or out of a hole
• Struck or hammer tools

  • Punches
  • Nail sets
  • Drift cells
• Pliers


  • Most popular hand tools used to grip objects through leverage
  • Have a pair of five-volted jaws used for holding, bending, turning, gripping or cutting various things
• Wrenches


  • Hand tools with fixed or adjustable jaws used for gripping, turning, fastening, tightening, twisting or loosening objects such as nuts, bolts or pipes and fittings
• Hammers


  • Most popular and commonly used type of hand tool
  • Used to deliver blows to an object or strike another object like driving nails, beating parts and breaking up objects
• Screwdrivers


  • Used for turning screws to drive them into place
  • Have a thin end that enters the neck of the screw head and apply torque force by rotating the tip or end on the screw
• Screwdrivers


  • Phillips head
  • Flat head
• Tape measure


  • Used for measuring length, area, especially capacitor in long distances
  • Usually a 25 foot tape measure
• Farm tools


  • Spade
  • Rake
  • Bolo
• Spade


  Used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches, and making/mixing soil media
• Rake


  Used for cleaning the ground and leveling up soil
• Bolo


  Used for cutting tall grasses and weeds, and chopping branches of trees
• Types of bolo


  • All-purpose bolo
  • Harass (similar to a small scythe, used for cutting tall grass)
  • Cuchillo (used for slaughtering pigs)
  • Pinuti (traditionally tipped with venom, used for self-defense)
• Electric tools

  • Circular saw
  • Drill/driver (preferably rechargeable battery operated)
• Other farm tools and equipment


  • Pocket knife
  • Heavy duty flashlight
  • Garden hose
  • Digging bar
• Cleaning and maintaining tools requires detergent, garden hose sprayer, sponge, steel wool, strap brush, wire brush, rotary brush attachment for drill, sandpaper, and lubricating oils
• Types of poultry housing


  • Free-range or extensive system
  • Semi-intensive system
  • Folding unit system
  • Intensive system
  • Battery system
  • Deep litter system
• Free-range system


  • Allows great but not unlimited, space to the birds on land where they can find an appreciable amount of food
  • Birds are protected from predatory animals and infectious diseases including parasitic infestation
  • Almost obsolete due to advantages of intensive methods
• Semi-intensive system


  • Allows 20-30 square yards per bird of outside run
  • Run should be divided giving a run on either side of the house of 10-15 square yards per bird
• Folding-unit system


  • Birds being confined to one small run, the position is changed each day, giving them fresh ground
  • Birds find a considerable proportion of food from the herbage
  • Beneficial effect of scratching and manuring on the land
• Intensive system


  • Birds are confined to the house entirely, with no access to land outside
  • Allows for direct rays of the sun on to the floor of the house
• Battery system


  • Each hen is confined to a cage just large enough to permit very limited movement
  • Eggs roll out of the cage to a receiving gutter
  • Requires a minimum expenditure of energy from the birds
  • Lessens the load of excess body heat
  • Performance of each bird can be noted and culling easily carried out
• Deep litter system


  • Birds are kept in large pens up to 250 birds each, on floor covered with litters like straw, saw dust or leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches
  • Droppings of the birds gradually combine with the materials used to build up the litter
  • Supplies some of the food requirements of the birds
  • Reduces coccidiosis and worm infestation
  • Maintains its own constant temperature, so birds can warm or cool themselves
  • Produces valuable fertilizer
• Basic rules for deep litter system:
• Ways poultry houses may be classified


  • Number of rooms or pens
  • Portability or permanence
  • Style of roof
  • Open vs closed type
• A greater number of layers thrive well and produce more in the open type of laying house
• Orientation and construction of a poultry house


  • Should not face towards the prevailing winds and heavy rains
  • Should allow free circulation of air but not be so open that rain will blow in
  • Should be penetrated by sunshine to keep the house dry
  • Can be made from affordable local materials like bamboo, wood, and thatch
• Factors determining poultry house construction


  • Availability of materials
  • Amount of investment
  • Size of operations
• Types of Roofs used in Poultry Houses


  • Shed or single span type
  • Cable or double span
  • Monitor type
  • Semi-monitor type
  • Combination of cable and shed
• Shed or single span type


  This type of roof is used in small construction which makes use of the simplest materials