principles of crop sci

• Agriculture


  Systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under useful management of man
• Crop Science


  A discipline dealing with the scientific approaches to improve the quality of crops and their management for more economical production
• Agronomy


  Deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils
• Horticulture


  The concept of gardens or plants within an enclosure is distinct from the culture of field crops
• Pastoral stage


  • Hunting and fishing are the dominant means for gathering food
• Middle stone age (from 800 B.C.)


  • Use of bow and arrow
  • Catching, drying and storage of fish
  • Stored seeds, nuts and fruits
• Spermatophyta


  All seed-bearing plants that bear true flowers. Majority of the economically important plants are included in this division
• Gymnosperms


  All seed-bearing plants with naked seeds like the pine trees
• Angiosperms


  Seeds enclosed in a vessel and are in turn divided into 2 classes
• Thallophyta


  Algae, bacteria and fungi
• Bryophyta


  Small green plants without true roots or flowers such as the mosses, liverworts and hornworts
• Pteridophyta


  Green plants with vascular tissue, true roots, and usually distinct leaves and stems. No true flowers and produce no seeds
• Agronomic Crops or Field Crops

  Annual herbaceous plants that are grown on the farm under a system of "extensive" or large-scale culture
• Cereal


  Derived from the name of the most important grain deity, the Roman Goddess Ceres
• Fiber crops


  Sources of fiber. The commercial fiber in the Philippines are: kenaf, jute, ramie, cotton
• Root and tuber crops

  Rich sources of carbohydrate. The major species are cassava, sweet potato. Potato is a tuber crop
• Legume


  Plants whose fruit is enclosed in a pod
• Pulse


  Refers only to the dried seed
• Cover crop


  Grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion and or control weeds
• Companion crop


  A crop planted in proximity to another due to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect-repelling qualities)
• Soilage


  Forage crops which are cut when green and succulent and are fed to livestock without curing
• Silage


  Crops harvested, processed and stored in succulent condition for feeds to livestock
• Green manure


  Crops (usually legumes) grown for a specific period and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil to improve soil fertility
• Catch crop


  Fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of a main crop
• Trap crop


  A plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic and abiotic factors
• Pre-colonial stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Slash and burn type
  • Food scarcity
• Colonial stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Hacienda system
  • Plant introduction of mulberry and cacao
• Post war stages of Philippine agriculture

  • Establishment of IRRI
  • Exports of coco by products
• Center of origin of Arrowroot and bread fruit- India, Indochina and the Pacific Island
• Center of origin of Ginseng and Persimmon- Chinese
• Center of origin of Olive and Fig - Near Eastern
• Center of origin of Eggplant and Sorhgum- African
• Center of production of Corn by Region- Ilocos region and Mindanao
• Center of production of Rice by Region- Central and Southern Luzon
• Center of production of Sugarcane by Province- Bukidnon
• Center of production of Coconut by Province- Quezon
• Center of production of Banana by Province- Davao Del Norte
• Prokaryotic cells


  Organisms lack membrane-bounded nuclei and other membrane bounded organelles, of which the bacteria and blue green algae are examples
• Eukaryotic cells


  Possess organelles bounded by membrane like nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria, the plants, the animals, the fungi
• Cell wall


  The non-living portion of a cell; made up of cellulose, pectic substances and lignins. It protects the protoplast, provides external structure and in some tissues (e.g. bark and wood) may act as strong support the plants