M4 - Becoming a member of society

• Enculturation / Socialization - is the process by which a human being, beginning at infancy, acquires personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, social skills, and accumulated knowledge of society through education and training for adult status appropriate to his or her social position

  • acquire a sense of who they are and where they belong.
• It is a lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death?

  enculturation/socialization
• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENCULTURATION/SOCIALIZATION

  1. Looking Glass Self Theory
  2. Role-taking Theory
• Role-taking Theory - wherein the development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction

  • George Herbert Mead
  • e.g when we were infants, we learned that when we cry, our parents carry us and feed us milk
• Looking Glass Self Theory - which states that a person’s sense of self is actually derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us.

  • Charles Horton Cooley
• Role-taking Theory - This perception of Mead led him into the idea that out of social interaction, sense of self emerges, which is composed of two (2) parts: i.e. the “Me” and the “I.” The “Me” represents the perceptions of what other people think of us and the “I” is the independent, spontaneous, and unpredictable side of ourselves.
• AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION (FSPMW)

  • Family
  • School
  • Peers
  • Mass media
  • Workplace
• Family - this agent of socialization has a major impact on us.
• School - this agent of socialization is a primary agent of socialization
• Mass Media - this agent of socialization has become the primary source of information about the world, thus enabling us to view a wide range of role models and occupations. especially in the form of television,
• Workplace- this agent of socialization allows us to learn to behave properly within an occupation, at the same time, indicates that one has passed out adolescence stage
• Conformity - is the act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc.
• Deviance - is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
• Social Control - refers to the set of means to ensure that people generally behave in expected and approved ways.

  • Internal Social Control
  • External Social Control
• External Social Control - refers to social sanctions or the system of rewards and punishments designated to encourage desired behavior. Example: Giving high grades to students who evidently study hard. Imprisonment for those who do crimes.
• Internal Social Control - refers to the socialization process that developed within the individual as we do things when we know it is the right thing to do. Example: People will not kill for they know it’s wrong.
• Forms of Deviance

  • Innovation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
• Innovation – this type of deviance rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success

  • Examples: theft, burglary, embezzlement, etc.
• Ritualism – this type of deviance rejecting the importance of success goals but continue to toil as conscientious and diligent workers

  Examples: A teacher goes to class without any concern for his students. An employee who goes to work without any concern for the quality of his work.
• Retreatism – type of deviance that is Withdrawal from the society and does not care about success Examples: alcoholics, drug addicts, gambler
• Rebellion – type of deviance that Attempts to change the goals and means of society Examples: terrorists, leftist, guerrillas
• Human Dignity - is something that can’t be taken away. Catholic Social Teaching states that each and every person has value, are worthy of great respect, and must be free from slavery, manipulation, and exploitation.
• basis of fundamental human rights.

  • It is inviolable and must be respected and protected
  • basis of fundamental rights in international law.
  • The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrined this principle in its preamble: ‘recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world’. For this reason the dignity of the human person is part of the substance of any right protected by international human rights law. It must, therefore, be respected, even where a right is restricted.
• Human Rights - are inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible.
• The Common Good - It is also referred to the public interest.

  in tribal notion, has served as the moral justification of most social systems— and of all tyrannies—in history. The degree of a society’s enslavement or freedom corresponded to the degree to which that tribal slogan was invoked or ignored.
• “the common good” means “the good of the majority” as against the minority or the individual.
• “the common good” means “the good of the majority” as against the minority or the individual.
• Socialization - refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn the culture
• Enculturation - is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.
• Goals of Socialization

  • Socialization teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a conscience.
  • Socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles – occupation roles, gender roles, and roles of institutions such as marriage and parenthood.
  • Socialization cultivates shared sources of meaning and value.
• Mead and the Development of the Social Mind (Self) - George Herbert Mead

  • self’ is a sociological concept. (where individuals learn to assume roles)
  • “I/Me” duality reinforces the purely sociological facets of the self. (“put yourself in another person’s shoes."')
• Imitation – the child starts with mimicking behaviors and actions of significant others around him or her
• Play – the child takes different roles he or she observes in “adult” society, and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles
• Stage of Development of the Self

  • imitation
  • play
  • game
  • generalized others
• Game – the child must take the role of everyone else involves in the game. In the game stage, the organization begins and definite personalities start to emerge.
• Generalized Others – children begin to function in organized groups, and most importantly, to determine what they will do within a specific group.
• Identity Formation - is the development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or known.
• Self-concept - is the sum of a person’s knowledge and understanding of his or herself.
• Cultural identity - is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.