Organic synthesis

• C - C, CC, is an alkane functional group.
• C = C, CC, is an alkene functional group.
• R - O - R, ROR, is an ether functional group.
• R - OH, OH, is an alcohol functional group.
• R - C (= O) - H, COH, is an aldehyde functional group.
• R - C (= O) - R, RCOR, is a ketone functional group.
• R - C (= O) - OH, COOH, is a carboxylic acid functional group.
• R - C (= O) - O - C = O (- R), COOCO, is an acid anhydride functional group.
• R - X, X is a haloalkane functional group.
• R - C (= O) - X, COX, is an acyl halide functional group.
• R - NH2, NH2, is an amine functional group.
• R - C (= O) - O - R, COO, is an ester functional group.
• The main oxidising agent is acidified potassium dichromate, which oxidises primary alcohols to aldehydes and then carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones.
• To prevent acidified potassium dichromate and a primary alcohol forming a carboxylic acid, use an excess of the alcohol and distil the aldehyde off once formed.
• NaBH4 is a reducing agent that reduces a carbonyl (C = O) group to an alcohol group (C - OH).
• H2 and a nickel catalyst is a reducing agent that reduces a C = C double bond.
• Tin and HCL is a reducing agent that reduces NO2 to NH3.
• Al2O3 is a dehydrating agent that can be used with vapours.
• H3PO4 is a dehydrating agent that uses acid catalysed elimination to remove water from a molecule.
• Benzene can react via acylation to form a phenylketone.
• Benzene can react via nitration to form a nitrobenzene.
• Nitrobenzene can be reduced to an aromatic amine.
• An aromatic amine can react with an acyl halide to form an aromatic amide.