Exam I

• Match the taxon with its organism or characteristics:

  Lobe Finned = Sarcopterygii

  With Jaws = Gnathostomata

  Without Jaws = Agnatha

  Ray-Finned = Actinopterygii

  Bony = Osteichthyes

  Slime-Producing Fish = Myxini

  Amphioxus (Lancelet) = Cephalochordata

  Cephalaspidomorphi = Lamprey

  Tadpole Larvae = Urochordata

  Ammocoetes Larvae = Lamprey

  Cartilaginous = Chondrichthyes
• List the parts of an endoskeleton?

  Vertebrae

  Bones

  Cranium

  Gill Arches (In some groups)
• List the choices that are true when considering osmoregulation in freshwater fish?

  Large amount of dilute urine

  Conservation of salts

  Large glomerulus

  Cells are hypertonic

  Gills actively take in salts
• List the choices that are true when considering osmoregulation in saltwater fish?

  Conservation of water

  Cells are hypotonic

  Small amount of concentrated urine

  Reduced glomerulus
• Neoteny/Paedomorphosis?

  Larval characteristics present in adults
• Neoteny: Larval characteristics present in adults
• List choices that are characteristics of hagfish?

  Direct reproduction

  Jawless

  Single nostril
• What features do chordates share at some stage of their development?

  Tail

  Pharyngeal gill slits

  Dorsal hollow nerve chord

  Notochord
• List characteristics of lamprey?

  Teeth on tongue and oral disk

  Some species are anadromous and parasitic
• Why is countercurrent exchange needed to optimize gas exchange between the capillaries in a fish's gills and dissolved oxygen in water?

  It helps maintain a gradient in concentrations of, for example, oxygen or carbon dioxide between the water and the blood
• T/F: Jaws evolved from modifications of the anterior pair of pharyngeal arches?

  True
• The eyes of cartilaginous fish differ from those of bony fish because...?

  They have an eyelid

  The pupil dilates
• Why is the development of jaws called the greatest of all advances in vertebrate history?

  Allowed for better manipulation of food and nonfood items
• Cranial kinesis: Jaw mobility
• T/F: The density of air and water is about the same?

  False
• Characteristics of the lateral line system include...?

  Made of mechanoreceptive hair cells

  Detects movement, vibration, and pressure gradients
• T/F: In deuterostomes the blastophore becomes the mouth?

  False
• T/F: Cartilaginous fish and bony fish use the same mechanisms for maintaining buoyancy and orientation in the water column?

  False
• Match the characteristics of Chondrichthyes with their definition and function?

  Placoid Scale = Structure similar to teeth

  Amphicoelus vertebrae = Concave on both sides with notochord through centrum

  Lipid filled liver = Buoyancy control

  Urea = Ammonia

  Tooth whorl = Stem Elasmobranchs

  Multiple gill openings = Subclass Elasmobranchi

  Single gill opening = Subclass Holocephali
• How did the moon potentially affect the development of life on earth?

  The gravity of the moon causes tides on earth which inundated and exposed hot rocks and allowed formation of the molecules needed for life
• T/F: There is more oxygen in the atmosphere than nitrogen?

  False
• T/F: The percentage of oxygen dissolved in the water is greater than the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere?

  False
• List the characteristics of Actinopterygii?

  Fully calcified skeleton

  Hinged Jaw

  Paired Fins

  Fragile fin rays
• T/F: Placoderms and ostracoderms are extant?

  False
• T/F: The ostracoderms are in the infraphylum Gnathostomata?

  False
• T/F: In Lake Huron, sea lamprey have killed as many as 50% of lake trout?

  True
• T/F: Myomeres are blocks of W or V shaped muscle fibers?

  True
• Definitions as they pertain to the Osteichthyes?

  Subclass that includes the gars = Teleostei

  Serial stretching and contracting move the fish forward = Myomeres

  Most specialized of the Actinopterygii = Neopterygii

  Flexibility for side-to-side motion = Amphicoelous vertebrae

  Hair cells and cupula = Lateral line system

  Swim bladder = buoyancy control

  Subclass chondrostei = Retain stem ancestral characteristics