Exam IV

• What is a flagship species?

  Species that acts as an ambassador to increase support for conservation
• What is a keystone species?

   a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically
• Net Reproductive Rate?

  Average number of female offspring produced by a female in a population over her lifetime.
• What is carrying capacity?

  The maximum population size that an environment can sustain without degredation.
• What is Maximum Sustainable Yield?

  The largest harvest of an organism that can be maintained indefinitely without depletion of the organism
• List some causes of extinction?

  Glaciation

  Habitat Destruction

  Climate Change

  Human Overkill

  Invasive Species
• Captive breeding is not a cause of extinction
• Extinct = No living individuals exist

  Extinct in the Wild = Survive only in captivity or cultivation

  Endemic = Range Restricted

  Critically Endangered = Immediate risk of extinction in the wild

  Least Concern = Population Size Stable
• The number of remaining species is decreasing

  World population is currently growing rapidly

  Human population has exceeded carrying capacity

  
• Match the term with the mammal group (Metatheria, Monotrema, Eutheria)

  Pouch = Metatheria

  Prolonged Lactation = Metatheria

  Prolonged Gestation = Eutheria

  Mammary Glands = All

  Electroreception = Monotrema

  3 Vaginas = Metatheria

  Nipples = Eutheria & Metatheria

  Venom = Monotrema

  Nutrients, Gasses, Wastes through Placenta = Eutheria

  Ovipary = Monotrema

  Vivipary = Eutheria & Metatheria

  Holoblastic Clevage = Eutheria & Metatheria

  Meroblastic Clevage = Monotrema
• Match the term with the mammal group (Xenarthra, Rodentia, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Cetcea)

  Very low metabolism = Xenarthra

  40% of mammal taxa = Rodentia

  Enlarged colon = Perissodactyla

  Even-Toed = Artiodactyla

  Odd-Toed = Perissodactyla

  Ecolocation & Flight = Chiroptera

  Skulls More Fenestrated = Lagomorpha

  Multiple Stomachs = Artiodactyla

  Additional Spine Articulations = Xenarthra

  Horns/Antlers = Artiodactyla

  Sister taxon to Hippo = Cetcea
• Synapsid evolutionary trends include?

  Expansion of inner ear

  Limbs underneath the body

  Skull modified for greater jaw musculature

  loss/reduction of cervical ribs
• Diphodonty

  • Indirect evidence of lactation
  • Result of evolution of the bony secondary palate
• Match the trait (Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars, Hypsodont, Brachydont, Bluntodont, Selenodont, Carnassials)?

  Grinding teeth in back of mouth = molars

  High-crowned teeth = Hypsodont

  Low-crowned teeth = Brachydont

  Occlusal surface indicate omnivorous diet = Bunodont

  One of two occusal surfaces indicative of herbivory = Selenodont

  Shearing teeth in some carnivores = Carnassials

  Teeth directly behind the canines = Premolars

  Nipping or cutting/gnawing teeth in the front of the mouth = Incisors

  Most animals have a single pair in each jaw, between the front and the back teeth = Canines
• List traits of fossorial locomotion?

  Wrist/ankle rotation

  Digging and burrowing

  Strong claws, retain digits

  Short powerful forearm
• List traits of Crusitorial locomotion?

  Forelimb elongated

  Elastic tendons that store energy

  Mass of lower limb reduced, digits may be reduced

  Running, sometimes very fast