Nucleic Acid Pt.1

• Carbohydrates and Proteins - is equivalent to 4cal/gram
• Lipids - larger amount of calories 9cal/gram
• Alcohol - is equivalent to 7cal/gram
• Nucleic Acid - polymers of individual nucleotide monomer
• Nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acid
• Nucleoside phosphatase - other name of Nucleotides
• Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine - pyrimidine derivative (PYRCUT)
• Guanine and Adenine - purine derivatives (PURGA)
• Phosphodiester Bond - a bond where phosphate is attached to C-5’ of the pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base is attached to C-1’ position of pentose sugar
• DNA - carries genetic material
• RNA - responsible for protein synthesis
• Nucleic acid Backbone - sugar-phosphate groups that are found in all nucleic acids
• Hydrogen bond - the secondary nucleic acid structure is stabilized by what type of bond?
• DNA Sequence - the sequence bases on one polynucleotide is complementary to the other polynucleotide
• Complementary bases - are pairs in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen-bond to each other
• Complementary DNA strands - are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base
• Antiparallelism - a principle where in the chains, each of the helix contains 5’ end of one strand and the 3’ end of the other
• Degeneracy of the Genetic Code - several codons may code for the same amino acid
• Denaturation - the breakage of the hydrogen bond in nucleic acid
• Renaturation "Annealing" - reforming of nucleic acid
• Z-DNA - unique left-handed helical structure
• B-DNA - most common or abundant DNA that is right handed double helices
• A-DNA - dehydrated B-DNA form
• Conservative - two parent strand stay together, and two daughter strands stay together
• Dispersive - parental and daughter material are mixed on each strands
• Semiconservative - one parent strand and one daughter strand appear in the final product
• Replication - parent strand act as the template for new strand
• Okazaki fragments - segments in lagging strand
• DNA ligase - connects the okazaki fragments
• Helicase - cleaves and unwinds short section of DNA ahead of the replication fork
• DNA Ligase - catalyzes the formation of phosphate bridges between nucleotides to join Okazaki fragments
• Primase - synthesis an RNA primer (SSB) to begin the elongation process
• Topoisomerase - modify the newly synthesize DNA
• Chromosomes - the histone DNA complexes
• Proteins - are responsible for the formation of skin, hair, enzymes, hormones, and so on
• Transcription - a process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules
• Translation - a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule
• Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA) - formed directly by DNA transcription
• Post-Transcription Processing - converts hnRNA to mRNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries instructions for protein synthesis from DNA