Geography paper 2

• Rural-urban migration


  The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas due to push and pull factors
• Natural Increase


  Population increase due to birth rate being above the death rate
• Urbanisation


  The growth in the population of urban areas
• Push factors

  Negative reasons that 'push' people out of rural areas
• Pull factors

  Positive reasons that 'pull' people to urban areas
• Informal economy

  Jobs which are unregulated, eg. No tax paid/no protection/no pension
• Population density


  A measurement of population per unit land area
• Sanitation


  Conditions of public health, eg. Toilets/running water
• Urbanisation: Since 2008, over half of the world's population have lived in cities. Much of this growth is taking place in NEES and LICS. Urban growth has slowed down in HICS.
• Causes of urban growth

  • Natural increase
  • Rural-urban migration
• Push factors

  • Poor education
  • Lack of healthcare access
  • Few job opportunities
• Pull factors

  • Better paid jobs
  • Improved education access
  • Electricity access
• Lagos


  Largest city in Nigeria with a population of approximately 16 million
• International importance of Lagos

  • International seaport and airport
  • Financial centre for West Africa
  • Nollywood-film production
• Regional importance of Lagos

  • Cultural and ethnic diversity
  • 80% Nigeria's industry are located here
  • Important centre for trade due to transport connections
• Challenges in Lagos

  • Squatter settlements: 60% people live in illegal settlements. Poorly built homes.
  • Water and sanitation: water is still in short supply and up to 15 households can share a toilet.
  • Crime: high levels of crime, 'area boys' are gangs who commit crimes and police squatter settlements.
  • Traffic: people can sit in queues for up to 3 hours travelling to and from work.
• Opportunities in Lagos

  • Employment: more tertiary/secondary job opportunities and informal jobs.
  • Education: Almost 90% children in urban Nigeria attend primary school.
  • Healthcare: more access to GPS/hospitals and medicines.
  • Electricity: Lagos uses 40% country's electricity supply.
  • Water: access to clean drinking water is better.
• Floating communities

  2013: Floating school prototype was built in Makoko to give children access to education.
• Benefits of floating school

  • Social: It was built to house 100 students and was built by local people. It also doubled up as a community center.
  • Economic: Education improved local people's job prospects and provided jobs to local teachers. It also helped encourage government investment in further regeneration projects.
  • Environmental: Built using local materials including 250 floating barrels. The school can cope with sea level rise and has solar panels.
• Integrated transport schemes in Lagos

  • Light-railway due to open to help ease road congestion.
  • Integrated transport system: whereby road, rail and waterways all link.
  • Ferries: and waterway network
  • Bus lanes: to separate public transport from the busy roads- thus encouraging more people to use them.
  • Mixed-use developments: to discourage so much commuting to the CBD.
  • New airport: on the Lekki peninsula, further from congestion.
• London


  Capital city of the UK situated in the south-east of the country
• Importance of London


  • International: A financial centre along with New York. Large international airports such as Heathrow and Gatwick.
  • Regional/national: It has renowned universities and hospitals. Centre of UK transport including transport for London and m25 road network.
• How migration changes the character of London

  • Average age in London is lower than the national average, partly due to migration of 20-35 year olds for work.
  • Migrants from other countries make London multi-cultural and diverse. They bring accessibility to different religions, cultures and foods.
  • There is a demand for more housing as more people move to the city and areas surrounding it.
  • Migration of young professionals to run-down, more deprived areas often results in gentrification. This is the process whereby houses, gardens, and local streets are improved which attracts further investment and improved amenities to the area. It can result in house prices increasing, eg. Hackney in London.
• Eco footprint

  Refers to how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate resources
• Greenfield site

  A site which has not been built on previously
• Brownfield site

  A site which has been built on previously, eg. Old factory site
• Deindustrialisation


  A process of closing down factories in an area
• Regeneration

  The action or process of improving and re-investing in an area
• Sustainable


  Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future
• Urban greening

  Increase in amount of green space in urban areas
• London's population is continuing to increase due to both national and international migration. It's population is projected to reach 10 million by 2030
• London is the most diverse city in the UK. Less than half of the city's population is white UK and 37% were born outside the UK. The history of migration originates back to Roman times. Today, London's population has large numbers from India, Nigeria and Jamaica- all ex-colonies. Since 2007 more migrants have travelled from Eastern Europe
• Opportunities in London

  • Cultural mix
  • Recreation
  • Employment
  • Transport
  • Urban greening
• Why was the Olympic Park Stratford a suitable site for regeneration?

  • Lots of brownfield sites due to deindustrialization
  • High deprivation and unemployment
  • Large areas of unused land very close to the city center
  • Multicultural area
  • High youthful population
• What was done for the Olympic Park Stratford regeneration?


  • New sports facilities were created due to Olympics
  • The athletes village was to then be used as affordable housing for local residents
  • New school-Chobham Academy
  • Media companies to use the journalist facilities known as Here East
  • New habitats created including improving the water quality of the River Lee
• sustainable cities should:

  • Recycle more
  • Produce less waste
  • Encourage public transport use
  • Be powered by renewables
• East Village, Newham was originally the Athletes Village for the London Olympics 2012. It has affordable housing, a school for 3-18 year olds nearby, green spaces and hectares of parkland, green roofs on buildings, and good connections to local transport
• Brownfield


  Sites available from when factories shut down
• Brownfield


  • Reduces urban sprawl
  • Public transport is better in cities so the need for cars is reduced
  • New development can improve the environment of the area
• Brownfield

  • Land may need to be decontaminated or buildings demolished which is expensive
  • Land in urban areas is more expensive