Respiratory Diseases & Disorders

• Acute tonsillitis


  inflammation of a tonsil, especially one or both of palatine tonsils on either side of opening of throat
• Tonsillitis is most frequently caused by

  Streptococcus pygones OR Staphylococcus aurus
• Signs & symptoms of acute tonsillitis

  • sudden onset of chills
  • high-grade fever
  • mild to severe sore throat
• Signs & symptoms of chronic tonsillitis

  recurrent sore throat

  tonsillar hypertrophy

  abscess
• Lung cancer


  various malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchi, or air sacs of lungs ; LEADING CANCER KILLER IN BOTH MEN & WOMEN
• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is more common & spreads slower than SCLC
• Most lung cancers are caused directly or indirectly by smoking !
• Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S !
• Early-stage lung cancer usually produces no symptoms and is difficult to detect
• NSCLC stages

  • In Stage 1, cancer is confined to lung
  • In stage 2, cancer is confined to the chest
  • In stage 3, larger and more invasive tumors
  • In stage 4, cancer has spread from the chest to other parts of the body
• Treatments for lung cancer includes

  Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

  laser therapy that injects special chemical into bloodstream and kills cancer cells when laser light is aimed
• Cor pulmonale


  hypertrophy and failure of right ventricle of heart
• Diseases that may lead to cor pulmonale

  • COPD
  • bronchiectasis
  • pneumoconiosis
  • kyphoscoliosis
• Treatments for cor pulmonale

  *To reduce hypoxemia & to improve client's exercise tolerance*

  • digitalis to stimulate heart action
  • antibiotics for secondary respiratory infections
  • pulmonary artery vasodilation
  • bronchodilators
• Pleural effusion


  excess of fluid between parietal and visceral pleural membranes enveloping each lung

  transudate or exudate fluid
• Transudative pleural effusions result from congestive heart failure
• Exudative pleural effusions occur from inflammation of pleura, TB,
• Treatments for pleural effusions

  • Thoracentesis to alleviate fluid pressure IF fluid is not reabsorbed!
• Pleurisy (Pleuritis)


  inflammation of visceral and parietal pleural membranes that envelop each lung!

  
  

  *often associated w/ Pleural effusion
• Signs & symptoms of Pleurisy/Pleuritis

  • sharp stabbing pain that limits movements on affected side when breathing
• Treatments of Pleurisy/Pleuritis

  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Thoracentesis
• Pleural effusion may develop from pleurisy/pleuritis!
• Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)


  collection of air or gas in pleural cavity

  
  

  *typically results in atelectasis
• Signs & symptoms of Pneumothorax

  • sudden, sharp pleuritic pain that worsens w/ chest movement
• Respiratory Mycoses

  deep, systematic fungal infections that extensively affect the lungs

  • histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis
• Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
• Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis, a fungus common in dry desert soils
• Blastomycosis is caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Anthracosis


  "black-lung disease" ; caused by accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs
• Workers in the coal mining industry are most likely to develop Anthracosis

  exposure of 15 years or longer is usually required before symptoms develop!
• Sign of Anthracosis

  • cough w/ inky-black sputum
• TB and silicosis usually occur w/ anthracosis!
• Pneumoconiosis

  caused by inhaling inorganic or organic dust particles or chemical irritants over prolonged period!
• Pneumoconiosis is an occupational disorder associated w/ mining & stonecutting!
• Varieties of Pneumoconiosis

  • silicosis
  • anthracosis
  • asbestosis
  • berylliosis
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis


  slowly developing bacterial lung infection characterized by necrosis of lung tissue ; common cause of death in the world
• Pulmonary TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis


  bacteria can be dormant for years and reactive and spread when conditions are favorable!
• Signs & symptoms of Pulmonary TB

  • cough
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • hemoptysis
  • wheezing
• Diagnostics for Pulmonary TB

  • Mantoux test, consisting of intradermal injection of a protein derivative of tuberculin bacillus
  • interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) measure immune system's strength to TB bacteria
• Asthma


  inflammation of airways causes recurrent attacks of labored breathing along w/ wheezing

  swelling of bronchial mucous membranes