HEMOSTATICS - Agents that prevents hemorrhage or bleeding
Two kinds of Hemostatic - System and Local Hemostatic
Vitamin K (Phytomenadione) - required for the synthesis of the functional molecules g-carboxylic acid in each of the following coagulation proteins
Coumarin anticoagulants and warfarin interfere with the role of vitamin K
Protamine sulfate - is used to antagonize heparin-induced hemorrhages
Thromboplastin - Local hemostatic in surgery, as spray or direct application sponge
Thrombin - Used for bleeding from parenchymatous tissues, calcellous bone, dental sockets, laryngeal and nasal surgery
Fibrin foam- Sponge like material prepared by action of thrombin on human fibrinogen, may be applied directly with pressure
Absorbablegelatinsponge - This denaturized gelatin usually is soaked in bovine thrombin and left in bleeding area following closure of operative wounds
Oxidized cellulose - Treated surgical gauze or sponge that aids coagulation in reaction between hemoglobin and cellusic acid, upon interaction with blood and tissue fluids, forms gummy matrix for clot formation
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - causes hemostasis by vasoconstriction.
Anticoagulant - drugs that prevents blood clot
Anticoagulant for laboratory examination - sodium oxalate, sodium citrate, edetate disodium, and heparin sodium
Heparin sodium- The only anticoagulant drug used parenterally. Endogenous heparin is present in mast cells along with histamine and serotonin.
Heparin - prevent and treat venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
Vitamin K antagonists - Warfarin and bishydrocoumarin are used as systemic anticogulants in humans.
Hematinics - agents that improve the quality of blood by increasing the hemoglobin level and number of RBC
Iron salts are chemically incompatible with many chemicals and drugs. Chelation type of interaction occurs between ferrous sulfate and tetracycline and limits the absorption of both compounds.
Factors that enhance absorption of iron in the intestine are erythropoietic activity, bodily iron stores, and anemia.
Two adverse effects of Iron - Hemosiderosis and Hemachromatosis
Hemosiderosis - is a localized process of abnormal iron pigmentation cause by increased hemosiderin in the tissue
Hemachromatosis - is a systemic disease of uncertain etiology, is characterized by systemic hemosiderosis accompanied by cirrhosis of the liver
Treatment of Iron Toxicosis - Prevent absorption of iron through gastric lavage using sodium bicarbonate
Treatment of Iron Toxicity - Systemic antidote Deferoxaminemesylate (Desferal), chelatesiron
Androgenic-anabolic steroids - Testosterone
Testosterone - Increase formation of erytrhopoietin by the kidneys and perhaps direct acceleration of heme synthesis and red cell proliferation
Hematinic Vitamins - Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
Vitamins - Essential nutrient for nuclear maturation and cell division by converting ribose nucleotide to deoxyribose nucleotides
Deficiency of B12andfolicacid produce large short leave macrocytes since the precursor cells (megaloblast) failed to divide.
Three Fibrinolytic Agents - streptokinase, fibrinolysin, and urokinase
Streptokinase - Vacuum-dried powder containing streptococcal enzyme, use to activate human plasminogen to become plasmin
Fibrinolysin - Enzyme preparation derived from a fraction of human plasma
Urokinase - excreted in human urine, activates plasminogen and prevents serosal post-operative adhesion
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) - Acetylates COX leading to decrease production of throboxane A2 which is a vasoconstrictor and strong aggretory stimulus
Dipyrimadole - Vasodilator with synergistic effect with ASA
Arrhythmia - is any deviation from the normal heart rate and rhythm.