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• The Birth of ARPANET

  1960s
• ARPANET


  The first wide-area computer network, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense's ARPA
• ARPANET creation

  1. DARPA's program, suggested by J.C.R Licklider, aimed to connect research institutions and universities for communication and data sharing

  2. Dr. J.C.R Licklider's research explores computing and interconnectivity, drawing on concepts from earlier inventions like the telephone and telegram services

  3. MIT's Leonard Kleinrock introduces packet switching, applied in DARPA's program

  4. ARPANET is designed by Lawrence Roberts to connect individuals using packet switching

  5. DARPA contracts BBN to create ARPANET

  6. ARPANET expands to include all campuses
• Packet Switching and TCP/IP


  1970s
• TCP/IP


  The foundation of modern internet communication, developed by DARPA scientists Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
• Packet switching

  Allows efficient data transmission across networks
• Expanding the Network

  1980s
• Domain Name System (DNS)


  • Allows human-readable domain names
  • ARPANET adopts TCP/IP as the universal language
• The World Wide Web

  1990s
• World Wide Web (WWW)


  An information system on the internet, connecting documents through hypertext links to enable users to navigate between documents
• World Wide Web

  • Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 at CERN
  • Hypertext or hypermedia links are electronic connections that facilitate easy access to related information
  • The Web consists of websites or web pages hosted on web servers and accessed by local computers via the internet
  • HTML (hypertext markup language) is the common format for publishing web documents
  • URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of an internet resource, specifying the protocol for access
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) governs data transfer between servers and clients
• Internet

  A network of interconnected computers and networking devices enabling communication
• Web

  A collection of interconnected documents accessed through web browsers and provided by web servers
• Internet Terminology

  • Client: A computer requesting services from another computer on the network
  • Server: A computer receiving and processing requests from clients
  • Web Page: A hosted page on the internet
  • Web Development: The process of creating and modifying web pages
• Web Browser (Web Client)

  Programs retrieving information from the web
• Examples of Web Browsers

  • Microsoft Internet Explorer
  • Netscape
  • Mosaic
  • Opera
  • Lynx (text-based)
• Reasons for creating a website

  • Information Sharing
  • Communication
  • E-Commerce
  • Education
  • Entertainment
  • Online Presence
• Web Standards

  Specifications that dictate how web technologies should work, including HTML, CSS, XML, XHTML
• W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)


  An organization that develops and maintains web standards, founded by Tim Berners-Lee
• W3C's Goals

  • Universal Access: Ensuring the Web is accessible to everyone
  • Semantic Web: Creating a software environment where users can make the best use of web resources
  • Web of Trust: Guiding the Web's development by addressing legal, commercial, and social issues that arise due to technology
• Types of Websites

  • Business Websites
  • Blogs
  • E-Commerce Websites
  • Portfolios
  • Events Websites
  • Online Forums
  • Personal Websites
  • Membership Websites
  • Non-Profit Websites
  • Informational Websites
• Business Websites

  Online representations of companies or organizations, serving as digital storefronts where customers can explore products, services, and make purchases
• Blogs


  Informational websites consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries, offering a platform for individuals or groups to share insights, opinions, news, and personal experiences on various topics
• 1. Commerce Websites


  Facilitate electronic buying and selling of products and services over the internet, providing customers with a platform to browse, select, and purchase items, often offering secure payment gateways
• Portfolios

  Online spaces that showcase an individual's best work, valuable for professionals in creative fields like art, design, photography, and writing, allowing them to display their expertise to potential employers or collaborators
• Events Websites

  Offer event-specific information to potential attendees, including details like event date, time, location, agenda, and registration information
• Online Forums

  Structured platforms for conversations, where users post questions, answers, and responses, creating discussions on specific topics
• Personal Websites


  Created by individuals to share personal content rather than representing a business or organization, can include blogs, portfolios, or simply personal information
• Membership Websites


  Provide members access to exclusive resources or opportunities in exchange for a subscription fee, offering content, courses, or services that are only accessible to paying members
• Non-Profit Websites

  Aim to raise awareness and support for charitable causes, without selling products or services directly, but striving to convince people to contribute to their mission
• Informational Websites

  Dedicated to providing information on specific topics, without selling products or courses directly, but offering valuable content to educate visitors