Biology 2.8

• Microorganisms consist of bacteria, fungI. viruses and protist
• Some microorganisms are harmledd and perform vital functions such as E.coil
• What are pathogens 


  A disease causing microbe

  (viruses such as the flu)
• Structure of bacteria 


  Photo

  
• Structure of viruses 


  Photo

  
• What is a non pathogenic microorganims

  Any microorganism That does not cause disease
• Diseases cause by pathogenic bacteria 


  Viruses and fungi e.g chicken box
• how are comunicable diseases spread

  Aerosol

  water

  contaminated food

  bodily fluid

  insects
• How is aids caused

  human immune deficiency viruse
• how is aids spread

  Blood to blood contact

  sexual intercouse and sharing needles
• Symptoms of aids 


  Weakens the immune system
• How can the spread of aids be prevented 


  No sharing needles

  wear condoms during sex
• How does the disease work in aids

  HIV destroys lymphocytes
• What is the name of the pathogen that causes chlamydia

  Bacterium chlamydia trachomatis
• How is chlamydia caused

  A sexually transmitted disease
• symptoms of Chlamydia 


  Pain when urating

  painful discharge

  bleeding between periods
• How can chlamydia be prevented

  Wear condoms during sex
• What if chlamydia is left untreated

  infaction can pass to a baby during birth causing conjunctivitis and hung infections
• how to treat chlamydia 


  Antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin as it is a bacteria
• What is the name of the pathogen that causes malaria

  Plasmodium falciparum
• What is malaria cause by

  Single celled protist
• How is malaria transferred

  Female mosquitoes of the genes anopheles
• Symptoms of malaria

  Fever

  vomiting

  diorehia

  headaches
• How malaria effects you

  Causes fever as plasmodium destroys the red blood cells
• Treatment and prevention of malaria

  Antimalarial frugs

  vaccine

  pesticides

  mosquito nets and repellent
• the skin is a natural barrier that prevents the entry of microorganisms into the body
• What is skin flora

  The natural community of micro organisms that live on the skin would prevent pathogens from establishing
• Is this barrier is broke down out blood is the next defence
• What doe platelets do

  Cause blood clots over the ‘cut’ forming a scab (seal)
• what do phagocytes do

  Engulf/ingest pathogens to destroy them
• What do white blood cells do

  Protect you in 3 ways

  ingests bacteria

  make antibodies

  make antitoxins
• What do lymphocytes do

  Produce antibodies which bind the pathogens and destroy them and antitoxins which bind to toxins and neutralises them
• What are antigens

  The protein on the outside of a pathogen that causes your immune system to respond
• what are antibodies

  White blood cells make this chemical in response to pathogen it is used to destroy pathogens (Y)
• What are antitoxins

  These work by neutralizing the toxins made by pathogens which make you ill
• Lymphocytes in an immune response

  Antigens are proteins on the surface of cells and viruses. the antigens are different for different organisms and out white blood cells can detect antigens foreign to our body
• the lymphocyte divides to produces lots of clones of the lymphocyte called plasma cells
• The plasma cells produce antibodies in large numbers. The antibodies join only the antigens on the pathogen and destroys them
• Some memory cells are also produced when the lymphocyt dived of the same pathogen infects The body again the memory cells respond immediately and divide rapidly to produce lots of plasma cells which make a larger amount of antibodies and much quicker usually preventing illnesses
• First time your body encounters a disease

  Longer time to respond

  less antibodies produced