Nucleic Acid Pt.2

• Anticodon - a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA
• Translocation - is the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site
• Polysome - complex of mRNA and several ribosomes
• Mutation - an error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication
• Mutagens - a substance or agent that causes a change in structure of a gene
• Nitrous acid - can convert cytosine to uracil
• Nitrites - can form nitrous acid in cells
• Base substitution (point) mutations - where one base is substituted for another
• Transitional - a type of mutation where purine replaces another purine and also in pyridine
• 5-bromouracil - a thymine analog, replace thymine in DNA
• 2-aminopyrine - can replace adenine or guanine in DNA, cause bone marrow toxicity
• Transversional - a type of mutation where purine replaces pyrimidine, results of point mutations
• Silence - codon containing the changed base codes for the same amino acid
• Missense - codon containing the changed base codes for the different amino acid
• Nonsense - codon containing the changed base codes for stop codon
• Frameshift mutations - where one or more bases is added or removed
• Intercalation - can be caused by an aromatic compound inserting between bases in stacked DNA
• Benzopyrene - mutagenic substance in cigarette and carbon-boiled foods and automobile exhaust, wood smoke and marijuana smoke
• Pyrazinamide - has pyrizinamidase active in acidic conditions; antibacterial drug for TB
• Fatty acid synthetase I - important enzyme for the breakdown of lipids and fats
• Actinomycin - interferes transcription by inhibiting RNA polymerase
• Bleomycin - inhibits also incorporation of thymidine into DNA strands
• Viruses - tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core
• Vaccine - inactive virus or bacterial envelope
• Edward Jenner - he discovered the 1st vaccine that is for smallpox
• Bacille Calmette-Guerin - first vaccine given to a newborn for TB
• Genetic Engineering (Biotechnology) - the study of biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a foreign gene to a host organism and produce the protein associated with the added gene
• Plasmids - a double stranded DNA replicate independent in bacteria or yeast
• Dissolution of cells - E.coli cells of a specific strain containing the plasmid of interest are treated with chemical to dissolve their membranes and release the cellular contents
• Isolation of plasmid fraction - the cellular contents are fractionated to obtain plasmids
• Cleavage of plasmid DNA - restriction enzymes are used to cleave the double-stranded DNA
• Gene removal from another organism - using the same restriction enzyme the gene of interest is removed from a chromosome of another organism
• Gene-plasmid splicing - the gene and the opened plasmid are mixed in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together
• Uptake of recombinant DNA - the recombinant DNA prepared in step 5 are transferred to a live E.coli culture where they can be replicated, transcribe and translated
• Clones - are the cells that gave descended from a single cell and have identical DNA
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence; produce billions of copies
• DNA sequencing - is a method by which the base sequence is determined
• Fredrick Sanger - he discovered DNA sequencing
• Aneuploidy - any abnormality in the number of chromosomes
• Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) - under the microscope, the X chromosome looks broken or fragile, cause of inherited intellectual disabilities