Integumentary

• Tissue


  Group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ


  Structure made up of 2 or more kinds of tissue, organised so that the organ can perform more complex functions than the individual tissues
• System


  Group of organs arranged so they function together to perform more complex functions than the organ alone
• Major organ systems


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• No single body system functions entirely independently of other systems
• Organ systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent
• Homeostasis


  Balance, physiological parameters are maintained within a predictable range, consistency of internal environment, dynamic process, almost all organs take part in homeostasis, homeostatic response: variable - receptor - effector
• Homeostatic development


  1. During childhood homeostatic functions become more effective and efficient

  2. Maximum efficiency and effectiveness during young adulthood

  3. In older age homeostasis gradually becomes less effective and efficient
• Systems working together


  • Respiratory and cardiovascular system - provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
  • Respiratory system and kidneys - maintain blood pH
  • Endocrine and nervous system - major regulators of hormones and homeostasis
  • Endocrine and circulatory system - circulate hormones
  • Urinary and endocrine systems - maintain water balance
• Regulation of water volume

  1. Digestive system - water intake

  2. Special senses - taste buds/smell - appetite

  3. Respiratory system - aerobic respiration produces water

  4. Endocrine system - hormones to control water regulation

  5. Circulatory system - transport hormones

  6. Nervous system - sensation of thirst and secretion of hormones

  7. Urinary system - remove water in urine
• Interrelationships for water balance

  • Digestive system
  • Special senses (taste)
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Endocrine system
  • Nervous system
• Development


  Ongoing process allowing for continuous change, happens in childhood and early adulthood, improves the effectiveness of body systems
• Ageing


  From adulthood until end of life, reduction in effectiveness of body systems, continuous process of modification and change
• Effects of ageing on the integumentary system

  • Changes in the Skin: Dry, Thin, Inelastic, Increased wrinkling
  • Changes to the Hair: Thins, Hair loss, Pigmentation changes
• Effects of ageing on the skeletal system

  • Changes in bones: Calcification, Reduction in bone size, Bones become porous (easy to fracture), Shape: Lipping (undefined edges), Restricts movement because of piling up of bone around joints, Curvature of spine
  • Changes in joints: Degenerative joint diseases, Osteoarthritis
• Negative effects of ageing on the skeletal system can be reduced with physical activity and good nutrition
• Effects of ageing on the nervous system


  • Reduction in nerve cells, Slower transmission of nerve impulses, Gradual decline in cognitive function, Dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's disease), Loss of memory and conscious thinking
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - eye

  • Gradual decline in performance and capacity, Most people are farsighted in older age (>65yrs), Eye lens hardens (presbyopia) and loses elasticity, Cataract: Loss of transparency of the lens, Impairs vision, Glaucoma: Increase in the pressure within the eyeball, Blindness, Retinal degeneration and detachment increases with age
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - ear


  • Loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti, Reduces ability to hear certain frequencies, Eardrum and ossicles become more fixed, Less able to transmit sound waves
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - smell & taste

  • Sense of smell and taste are reduced, At age 75yrs there's approx. 40% of the taste buds that were at 30yrs, Taste buds become replaced by connective tissue, Reduction in appetite
• Effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system

  • Atherosclerosis: fatty deposits accumulate in blood vessel walls and narrow the passageway for blood flow, This can lead to blockage of arteries (heart attack / MI), Arteriosclerosis: the calcification (hardening) of fatty deposits in artery wall, Rupture of a hardened vessel can cause a stroke, Hypertension: high blood pressure
• Effects of ageing on the respiratory system

  • Cartilage that connects ribs to sternum hardens / becomes calcified, Harder for rib cage to expand and contract, Chest movement becomes difficult and rib cage remains in a more expanded position, Respiratory efficiency decreases, Muscle atrophy: Contractile muscle cells are replaced by connective tissue, Decreased strength of respiratory muscles
• Effects of ageing on the urinary system

  • Number of nephrons decrease, Between the age of 30yrs and 75yrs the number halves, With increasing age there is less blood flow through the kidney, Reduction in overall function and ability to produce urine, Bladder has reduced muscle tone (muscle atrophy), Decreased capacity of the bladder and inability to empty completely