policies

• Individualistic policies

  • Psychoanalysis
  • Token economies
  • Anger management
  • Aversion therapy
• What is psychoanalysis 


  Links with psychodynamic theory of criminality

  Brings repressed memories to the conscious through multiple techniques which include letting the patient discuss what they wish to
• What are token economies

  Links to operant conditioning

  Works on the principle of positive reinforcement as it allows offenders to learn law-abiding behaviour through gaining reward for demonstrating such behaviour
• What is anger management 


  Links to cognitive distortions of criminality

  Offenders are taught to learn skills on how to manage their anger and must roleplay potentially anger provoking situations
• What is aversion therapy 


  Links with operant conditioning/classical conditioning

  Criminal receives a harsh punishment to deter them from committing the same act
• Biological theories

  • Diet
  • Chemical castration
  • Eugenics
  • Death penalty
  • Other medication
• What is diet as a biological policy


  Suggests criminal behaviour is a result of lack of certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin
• Studies to support diet policies

  Gesch (2002) - The introduction of vitamins and daily minerals decrease violent behaviour in prisons by 37%

  Schoenthaler - In diets with less sugar, there was less anti-social behaviour demonstrated
• What is chemical castration

  Links with theories such as atavistic form which suggests criminality is genetic

  Uses chemical antagonists which lower testosterone levels by large amounts, making sex drive incredibly low
• What is eugenics


  Links to the idea of criminality being genetically passed on

  Aims to ensure criminals do not reproduce as an effort to prevent the criminal gene being passed on
• What is the death penalty

  Abolished in 1965

  Criminals sent to death following their crime as a punishment as they cannot be rehabilitated
• Sociological policies

  • Penal populism
  • Prisons
  • Zero tolerance
  • CCTV
  • Restorative justice
• What is penal populism 


  The government's attempts at introducing policies against crime which are popular with the public

  Sir James Wilson - Penal populism began with James Bulger case

  Tony blair - 3 strikes and you're out
• What is zero tolerance policing

  Originally introduced in new york, it suggests no crime should go unreported and undealt with. Links with the broken windows theory (Kelling & Wilson) which suggests observable crime encourages crime
• How does CCTV and others prevent crime

  Increases the risk of committing crimes
• 1930 - Smoking 


  Was seen as the norm and was admired. Shown in movies and smoking was everywhere
• Smoking - 1950 


  Evidence released which linked lung cancer to smoking
• British Lung Foundation 


  A key campaign with making smoking be perceived more as a crime
• 2 policies BLF helped introduce

  Plain packaging (2016)

  Banning of smoking with children in the car (2015)
• 1928 - Women's rights


  Support for equality allowed women the right to vote
• WW2 - Women's rights


  Women had to fill in the traditional masculine role which demonstrated their capability to do so
• 1960's - Women's rights


  The women liberation movement occurred through radical thinking and policies
• 2 policies introduced to support women's rights

  1970 - Equal pay act

  1975 - Sex discrimination act
• What social change does smoking link to


  Social norms, values and mores
• What social change does women's rights link to

  Cultural change
• 1945 - Demographic changes 


  Less than 20,000 non-white residents within the UK
• 1950-1960's - Demographic changes 


  Non-white immigrants started coming to the UK from former British colonies. These people were faced with hostility due to racist stereotypes about black people
• 1965 - Demographic changes 


  Survey in Birmingham found only 1.5% whites would be willing to let a room to a black tenant
• When was racial discrimination in public places made an offence

  1965
• What social change does demographic changes (Windrush generation) link to

  Structure of society
• 16th Century - Homosexuality 


  Punishable by death
• 1950 - Homosexuality 


  Several high profile arrests for homosexual acts
• 1957 - Homosexuality 


  Wolfenden report was published
• What was concluded in the Wolfenden report

  Laws should not intrude on matters of personal liberty
• 1967 - Homosexuality 


  Homosexuality decriminalised but age of consent was 21
• 2 laws which help gay rights

  2010 - Equality act

  2013 - Same sex marriage
• What are Rishi Sunak's policy contribution to smoking

  Those born in and after 2009 will never be able to smoke
• What social change does homosexuality link to

  Public perception of crime
• Two newspaper campaigns

  • Sarah's law
  • Justice for Michael
• What is the Sarah's law campaign

  A newspaper campaign.

  News of the world - Name and shamed 50 believed pedophiles (July 2000) following the murder of Sarah Payne by known child sex offender in area

  Campaign was successful - Child sex offender disclosure scheme