mutations

• Mutations are permanent alterations of DNA.
• Mutations can be good, bad, or neutral, depending on how they affect proteins and how this affects the organism.
• Mutations are important to evolution because they create variation which is then selected for/against.
• Point mutations affect one or a few nucleotides.
• Frameshift mutations affect the entire protein sequence after.
• Silent mutations are when the mutated codon codes for the same amino acid as the unmutated codon.
• Missense mutations are when only one amino acid is affected.
• Nonsense mutations are when a new stop codon is created and the amino acid sequence ends prematurely.