EAPP

• Manifesto


  A published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual or group, political party, or government
• Example of Manifesto

  • Our purpose is to unite the world through sport to create a healthy planet, active communities and an equal playing field for all.
  • Here's to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The doublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes. The one who things differently. They're not fond of rules. And they have no respect for the status quo. You can promise them, disagree with them, quote them, disbelieve them, glorify them and vilify them. About the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things.
  • Kulay rosas ang bukas.
  • Bagong Pilipinas.
• Three Major Categories of Manifesto

  • Goal - it can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. It's public, it's declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened.
  • List and rules - a manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
  • World - it aims to create a new world. It's not about simple rules, instead, it represents a vision for the future. A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts towards another. On the declaration of war, a manifesto is usually issued in which the nation declaring war states the reasons for so doing.
• Argumentative Writing


  A kind of writing where the students establish a position on a given topic and then use evidence to persuade the audience to see things from their point of view
• Argument


  A reason or the reasoning given for or against a matter under discussion
• Identifying Arguments


  • An argument consists of two parts:
  • 1) A claim or statement that summarizes the main idea,
  • 2) Reasons why that claim is true, and/or evidence to support that claim
• Analyzing Arguments


  • Ask questions like:
  • 1) Based on the evidence, is there a different explanation or claim possible?
  • 2) Is the evidence convincing and sound?
  • 3) How does the argument/evidence compare with others you've read?
• Stand


  Your side on an issue. It is your attitude toward a particular issue; a position taken in an argument
• An argument takes a stand on an issue. It seeks to persuade an audience of a point of view in much the same way that a lawyer argues a case in court of law. It is not a description or a summary.
• Defending a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments

  1. Identify if there is an issue

  2. Collect evidences from properly cited sources

  3. Make an appeal to your audience

  4. Organize your viewpoints or arguments
• The Three appeals of Argument

  • Logical Appeals - the use of facts in order to support and defend and position
  • Emotional Appeals - the use of audiences' feelings for the subject of the paper such as anger, pity, and aversion in order to persuade
  • Ethical Appeals - the use of convincing an audience through the credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity
• Guidelines in Presentation of Reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand


  • Contains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended
  • Assesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue
  • Takes a firm stand on the issue
  • Lists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand
  • Consider your audience or reader
• Position Paper


  Presents an opinion and makes a claim or stand about an issue. It is a stand supported by arguments and evidence. It expresses a position, conclusion, or recommendation concerning a contested issue or undecided question. Its purpose is to generate support on an issue.
• Parts of position paper

  • Introduction (1 paragraph) - starts with a topic sentence that attracts attention and summarizes the issue, inform the reader of your point of view
  • Body (3 paragraphs) - general statement of the position, elaboration that references documents and source data, past experiences and authoritative testimony
  • Conclusion (1-2 paragraphs) - summarizes then conclude your argument
• Guidelines in writing a position paper

  • Choose a debatable (yes-no) issue that is current, relevant, narrow, and manageable
  • Conduct in-depth research on the issue
  • Define unfamiliar terms when mentioning them for the first time
  • Be mindful of the various positions of the issue, explain and objectively analyze them
  • Reflect on your position and identify the weaknesses
  • Establish the credibility of your arguments by citing valid and reliable sources
  • Look at the issues in a different point of view for your to come up with a unique approach
  • Make tailor-suit arguments for the audience by analyzing them first
  • Prepare various evidence and data to refute for the counterargument
  • As much as possible, use active voice for a firm and dynamic tone
  • Use inductive and deductive approach to arrange your evidences logically
  • Review your arguments for fallacies or errors in reasoning and remove them so as not to weaken your arguments
  • Apply ethical, logical, and emotional appeal
• Reports


  Important in keeping and presenting updated accounts of events, situations, or organizations. They are used to inform, analyze, or commend.
• Kinds of reports

  • Formal report - uses formal and structured language, includes detailed information
  • Informal report - communicates and updates information by using casual and short formats about routines and everyday business
• Types of Formal Reports

  • Informational - present results so readers can understand a particular problem or situation
  • Analytical - presents, analyzes, and draw conclusions
  • Recommendations - presents recommendations based on the results and conclusions
• Basic structure or parts of a report

  • Title page
  • Abstract
  • List of figures and tables
  • Introduction
  • Body (varies according to the type of report)
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • References
  • Appendices
• Research reports in various fields

  • Survey report - presents the results of the author's research
  • Field report - contains the author's observations out on the field and analysis using theoretical concepts from the discipline
  • Laboratory and scientific/technical report - written to mainly persuade others to accept or reject a hypothesis, record the details for future research, and document a current phenomenon for future reference or comparison
  • Narrative report - it is considered as most widely used report and follows logical and sequential manner
  • Incident report - is a formal document that details the facts related to an incident at the workplace
• Structure of research reports

  • Title plage - indicate your informative title, name of author/s and addresses or affiliation, and date of submission
  • Abstract - summarizes the intent of research, the significant findings, conclusions and recommendations
  • Introduction - state what your research/project is about, identify research gaps
  • Literature Review - contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly related to the study
  • Methodology - state how you did your research/project and the methods used
  • Results and Discussions - presents the results of your research or interpret your findings
  • Conclusions and Recommendations - state your generalizations based on the results of your study
  • References - indicate all your references