CHEM EXAM 3

• In basic solution - decrease solubility, shift left
• In acidic solution - increase solubility, shift right
• Q < Ksp : solution is unsaturated, no precipitate, soluble
• Q > Ksp : solution is supersaturated, precipitate, insoluble
• Q = Ksp : solution is saturated, equilibrium amount
• spontaneous process - proceeds without ongoing outside intervention
• nonspontaneous process - requires continuous outside intervention
• 3 types of freedom of motion - rotational, translational, vibrational
• gain freedom of motion = spontaneous
• entropy - the measure of energy dispersal, only depends on initial and final states
• macrostate - overall state of the system defined by a set of conditions
• microstate - snapshot of the system (energy) at an instant in time
• larger mass = higher entropy
• increase rigidity = decrease entropy
• molecular dispersion - more places to put energy
• entropy increases with increasing temperature, volume and/or number of atoms
• all reversible processes are in a constant state of equilibrium
• ΔSsurr < 0 : endothermic
• ΔSsurr > 0 : exothermic
• ΔSuniv > 0 : spontaneous
• ΔSuniv < 0 : nonspontaneous
• ΔH (-) ΔS (+) : ΔG always < 0, always spontaneous
• ΔH (-) ΔS (-) : ΔG < 0 at low temp, spontaneous at lower temp
• ΔH (+) ΔS (+) : ΔG < 0 at high temp, spontaneous at higher temp
• ΔH (+) ΔS (-) : ΔG always > 0, never spontaneous
• E°cell - standard cell potential, intensive property (independent of how much is there)
• + E°cell - spontaneous
• -E°cell - nonspontaneous
• Q = 1, E°cell = Ecell
• Q < 1 : E°cell < Ecell, right side favored
• Q > 1 : E°cell > Ecell, left side favored
• Q = K : E°cell = 0, reaction has no tendency to occur
• spontaneous reaction = products + electrical current
• anode is connected to the + terminal
• cathode is connected to the - terminal