Nutrition Final Exam

• What can be some conséquences of body dissatisfaction?

  create a desire to alter one's physical shape and size

  distingue

  exercising

  smoking

  Cosmetics surgery
• What was the corset used for?

  mold and shape bodies into féminine ideal by achieving small wasitlines
• The modern two-pièce bikini swimsuit was inventer in 1946
• Rise in thin idéal in 1960s
• popular diets faille to work for the majority of poeple (95% failure)
• effective Weight-loss interventions are needed for Health-related concerns, but most individuals engaging with diet industry are not doing so for Health Reasons
• What are the 3 ways that dieting creates a need?

  1. perpetuates stereotypes of size (associates thinness with positive characteristics)
  2. promotes belief that Weight is controllable (message that dieting works and you can change you shape)
  3. changes the boundaries of the need for dieting (dieting is marketed at everyone regardes of actual size)
• poeple can have different motives for having a diet
• most chronic dieters are motivated to lose Weight for appearance-related reasons
• dieting: adherence to a specified eating plan for purposes of losing or maintaining weight
• caloric restriction: actual reduction in calories consumed
• dietary restraint: cognitive effort to restreint intact or the intent to control food intake
• What are the two types of eaters?

  restrained vs unrestrained
• dietary restraint is an eating distorder
• evidence shows that restrained eaters sometimes eat less and sometimes eat the same as unrestrained eaters
• unrestrained eaters have more body dissatisfaction than restrained eaters
• restraint theory (polivy and Herman, 1985) argues that restrained eating actually causes overeating
• Polivy found that the participants in diet condition ate more cookies than those in no-diet condition
• What does the boundayr model explains?

  how restrained eating can lead to unsuccessful dieting
• What is the effect to understand the cognitive shift that occurs when the diet boundary has been passed?

  The What the Hell effect
• the what the Hell effect is when there's a disruptions in dietary restreints leads a restrained rater to abandon goals in the short-term
• what are the the two conflicted goals for restrained eaters?

  1. the goal of eating enjoyment
  2. the goal of Weight control
• restrained eaters tend to be very sensitive to food cues, likely a result of their dental and efforts to expert control
• What are the two cognitive biases of restrained eaters?

  attention bias

  Memory bias
• Attentional bias: restrained eaters tend to show an automatic attention bias toward food stimuli (especially high-calorie good)
• Memory bias: restrained esters recale more food-relate images and They report more involuntary memories involving cooking and eating
• exposing restrained eaters to attractive food ces leads to increased food consumption
• pre-exposure to food ces (smelling pizza) résulte in increased consumption for restrained eaters compared to unrestrained eaters
• restrained eaters are also more sensitive to normative eating cues that indicateur what and how much is appropriate to eat
• social modelling of food intacte refers to tendance to eat similar amount to what companions eat

  low intake norm= pressure to suppression intake

  high intake norm= permission to eat as much as one wants
• What is some Problem about restraint theory?

  poeplem shouldn't attempt to diet
• The restraint Scale doesn't Measure actual calorie restriction, it directly measures disinhibited eating
• self-control is associated with positive eating behaviors
• Studies on Weight loss show that restraint predicts better result and flexible restraint is associated with better oucomes than rigid restraint
• What is the restraint Scale?

  developed to identify normal-weight individual who attempt to limit their food intake in an effort to resist Biological pressures toward Weight gain
• What are the 6 distinct unit basis emotions?

  anger, hapiness, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear
• eating behavior can have a powerful effect on emotions and emotions can have a powerful effect on eating behavior and food choices
• emotions can increase or decrease for intake
• intense, high-arousal négative emotions tends to suppres eating
• Study: emotions increase food intake among restrained eaters, emotions act as a cognitive distraction and therefore cognitive control over eating becomes impaired