CMPE 101 Chapter 1

• Can you name a business field that does not use computing systems at all?
• We live in an age of technology and a life without computers is unthinkable now
• Computer


  An electronic device that performs the four basic operations that comprise the information processing cycle: Input, Processing, Output, and Storage
• IPOS Cycle


  1. Input: The action of entering data

  2. Processing: The manipulation of the input data

  3. Output: The display of the information

  4. Storage: The action of saving information for temporary or permanent usage
• Computer Systems


  • A variety of digital devices (not necessarily personal computers) that are setup in a way to communicate and perform tasks
  • Consists of: Hardware, Software, Data, User
• Hardware


  Electronic and mechanical parts of the computer, including internal system units and external peripheral devices
• Software


  Computer programs that tell the computer how to perform tasks, including system software and application software
• Data


  Individual facts or pieces of information that a computer processes to convert to useful information
• User


  People who use computer systems
• History of Computers


  • Pre-Computers and Early Computers (before 1945)
  • First Generation - (1946-1957)
  • Second Generation - (1958-1963)
  • Third Generation - (1964-1970)
  • Fourth Generation - (1971-near past)
  • Fifth Generation - (Now)
  • Sixth Generation – (the future)
• Pre-Computers and Early Computers

  • The Abacus was among the earliest counting devices, invented by the Babylonians
  • Gear-based machines in the 1600s-1800s represented numbers through positions of gears
  • Dr. Herman Hollerith's Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter was an early computing device used for the 1890 U.S. Census
• First Generation Computers


  • Large and bulky, used vacuum tubes, had to be physically wired and reset to run programs
  • ENIAC was the first electronic general-purpose computer
• Second Generation Computers


  • Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were smaller, faster, and more reliable
  • IBM System/360 was an example
• Third Generation Computers


  • The integrated circuit allowed for smaller computers like the DEC PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer
• Fourth Generation Computers


  • Based on microprocessors, including the original IBM PC and Apple Macintosh introduced in the 1980s
• Fifth Generation Computers


  • Computers we use today
• Sixth Generation Computers


  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the future generation
• Any device that has four basic functionality of a computer can be regarded as a computer system, including smartphones and tablets
• System Units


  The hardware that are essential for the computer to run, including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and related microchips and micro-circuitry
• Peripheral devices


  Hardware that can be plugged into the motherboard, including keyboard, mouse, speakers and digital cameras
• Motherboard


  • The physical foundation of computers and computer systems that provides the electrical connections for other components
  • Contains microprocessor sockets, support electronic circuitry, memory chips, clock generator, buses, slots for expansion cards, connectors, and power connectors
• System Software


  Software that depends on hardware
• Application Software


  Software that depends on system software
• Algorithm


  A set of steps that define how a task is performed
• Program


  A representation of an algorithm in a specific programming language
• Bit


  A binary digit (0 or 1) used to encode information inside computer systems
• Boolean Operations


  Operations that manipulate true/false values, including AND, OR, and XOR
• Gates


  • Devices that produce the output of a Boolean operation when given the operation's input values
  • Represented by distinctively shaped diagrams with inputs on one side and output on the other
  • Implemented as small electronic circuits in which 0 and 1 are represented as voltage levels
• Sequential Circuit


  Formed by the combination of gates