Bonding

• Ionic bonds


  Between metals and non-metals
• Covalent bonds

  Between two or more non-metals
• Metallic bonds

  Bonds in metals, between positive ions and negative delocalised electrons
• Alloys

  Composed of two or more elements, one of which includes a metal
• Allotrope 


  The different physical forms of one element
• Allotrope examples

  OF CARBON:

  Graphene

  Graphite

  Diamond

  Fullerenes
• Why are alloys very hard?

  Particles are different sizes in fixed positions so they cannot slide past each other, making them very hard
• Properties of covalent structures

  High melting and boiling points

  Weak intermolecular forces
• Properties of ionic bonds

  High melting and boiling points

  Conduct electricity WHEN molten or aqueous
• Structure of alloys

  Different sized particles, meaning layers are distorted. So higher forces are required to overcome this, meaning they are very hard
• Fullerenes


  Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes based on hexagonal rings
• Carbon nanotubes 


  Cylindrical fullerenes with diameter of nanometer range
• Nanoparticle uses


  medicine

  deodorants

  catalysts

  cosmetics

  suncreams

  electronics
• Nanoparticles advantages 


  smaller quantities needed (high surface area)

  catalytic properties

  electrical conductivity

  strength/ durability

  antibacterial
• Nanoparticles disadvantages 


  toxic- more impactful (surface area)

  environmental impacts

  health risk