Geography Paper 1

• Crust


  Outside layer made of solid rock
• Mantle


  Mostly solid bulk of earth's interior
• Core


  The inner part of earth
• What factors affect the severity of natural hazards?

  -Increased number of people vulnerable to natural hazards
• What factors affects the severity of natural hazards?

  • Increase number of people vulnerable to natural hazards
  • Increase in frequency and magnitude
  • Tectonic shifts
  • Urbanisation
  • Population growth
• What are primary effects?

  Immediate impacts caused by the hazard itself
• What are secondary effects?

  Happens later on as a result of primary effects
• Describe continental crust


  40km-70km thick, the density is smaller than oceanic and finally it is old.
• Describe Oceanic Crust

  It is 5km thick, it is more dense than continental and also younger
• Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes

  the Pacific Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge that extends along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes

  They are found along plate boundaries, for example the pacific ring of fire around the pacific ocean, the mid Atlantic ridge, mid-ocean ridge that extends along the floor of the Atlantic ocean.
• Name a destructive plate boundary

  Nazca and south American plate
• Name a constructive plate boundary

  Mid Atlantic ridge
• Name a conservative plate boundary

  San Andreas fault
• How do we measure earthquakes?

  Seismic waves
• Describe in detail the destructive plate boundary

  2 plates moving towards each other. Where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is subducted and destroyed creating gas-rich magma. Volcanoes occur here
• Describe in detail constructive plate boundary

  2 plates move away from each other. When the move apart magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cools creating new crust
• Describe in detail conservative plate boundary

  2 plates are moving sideways past each other or in the same direction as each other however at different speeds. Crust isn't created or destroyed.
• What year was the Haiti earthquake

  2010
• Cause of Haiti 2010 earthquake

  Haiti is situated at the northern end of the Caribbean plate, conservative plate boundary with the north American plate
• Date and magnitude of 2010 Haiti earthquake

  Date: January 12th 2010

  Magnitude: 7.0
• Primary effects of 2010 Haiti earthquake

  • Around 3 million were affected
  • 230,000 died
  • 300,000 injured
  • 1,000,000 made homeless
  • 50+ hospitals were damaged
  • 1,300+ schools were damaged
• Secondary effects of 2010 Haiti earthquake

  • 2 million were left without food and water
  • Regular power cuts
  • Crime increased.
  • Diseases spread
  • Difficult to get aid due to damaged airport
• Immediate responses to 2010 Haiti earthquake

  • Aid was slow to arrive
  • USA sent 10,000 troops
  • £20 million donated by UK government
  • Bottled water was provided
  • Medical teams treated people in make shift
• Long term responses to 2010 Haiti earthquake

  • Port needed rebuilding
  • New homes were built to a higher standard
  • The main prison was destroyed, 4,000 escaped
• What year was the Chile earthquake

  2010
• What was the cause of the Chile 2010 earthquake?

  Destructive plate margin, Nazca plate subducted beneath the south American plate
• Date of the Chile 2010 earthquake?

  27th February 2010
• Magnitude of Chile 2010 earthquake?

  8.8
• Primary effects of Chile 2010 earthquake

  • 500 killed
  • 12,000 injured
  • 22,000 homes, 4,400 schools, 53 ports, 56 hospitals all destroyed
  • water and electricity lost in places
• Secondary effects of Chile 2010 earthquake?

  • Tsunami was triggered
  • Landslides were triggered
  • Damaging 1500km of roads
  • Fires broke cut in buildings
• Immediate responses to Chile 2010 earthquake

  • Emergency services deployed quickly
  • Temporary shelters were set up
  • Power and water were restored to 90% of homes within 10 days
  • Rescue teams sent help survivors.
• Long term responses of Chile 2010 earthquake

  • Chile set up a national housing reconstruction plan one month after.
  • Foreign aid was not heavily relied upon as Chile had the funds
  • Within 2 months the education system was normalised
• Why do people live near a tectonic hazards?

  • Tourism: People can have more jobs to be tour guides, going up a volcano for tourists
  • Family: People living in poverty have other things to think about on a daily basis- money, food, security and family because they are close to money and don't want to move
  • Minerals: Volcanoes can bring benefits like rich mineral deposits
  • Farming: Volcanoes can bring benefits such as fertile soils, fault lines associate with earthquakes can allow water supply to reach the surface
• How can we reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard?

  Monitor:

  • hurricane watch- advises that hurricane conditions are possible
  • Measuring temperatures for volcanoes
  • Seismometers
  • Tiltmeters
• How can we reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard?

  Predict:

  Hurricane warning- advises that conditions are expected and that people should take immediate action (e.g. evacuate to high ground)
• How can we reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard?

  Protect:

  • windows, doors and roofs reinforced to strengthen buildings to withstand strong winds
  • Storms arains constructed in urban areas to take away excessive amounts of rainfall
• How can we reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard?

  Plan:

  • It is unrealistic to step the tens of millions of people living and working in coastal areas that ae at risk tropical storms
  • People rely upon fishing or tourism
• How does the global atmospheric circulation work?

  https://images.app.goo.gl/w5YRptYkaQamS5u4A

  • high pressure: dry
  • low pressure: wet
• Where in the world do tropical storms occur?

  5-30 N and S of the equator where water temperature is 26.5 C