Philosophy Test 3 REVIEW

• Substance -> Independently existing thing or being Property (Accident) -> an aspect or an attribute of a thing/being
• Example of Substance and Accidents

  Table - > Substance

  Color, Shape, Temperature -> Properties (Accidents)What a thing does is important to know what a thing is
• Reality

  Substance -> Powers -> Act -> Object
• Knowing (opposite)

  Knowing is two things: sense and reason

  Object -> Act -> Powers -> Substance
• Potency- Something able to be, the potential

  Actuality- Actually becoming the thing presently

  Ex: You are potentially cooking. When you begin cooking, you are actually cooking.

  Ex 2: The actuality of the potency to see is the act of seeing.
• Living (Non-Mental, Without Knowledge)

  Activities:

  Reproduce, grow, maintain (healing, providing the energy to do activities)

  Plants react to things, ex: A sunflower follows the sun
• Living(Mental, With Knowledge) Activities

  Found in animals and humans; not plants

  • Divided between Knowing and Appetites
• Senses are two things: internal ( indirectly rely on the external senses) and external ( 5 senses )
• Internal Senses

  Common Sense: Present, rely on External Senses

  Estimative Power (Instinct): Present, beyond external senses

  Imagination: Absent, rely on External Senses

  Memory (Association): Absent, beyond external senses
• Presence: You are currently experiencing these things
• Absence: It knows those senses as absent, not currently experiencing those things ( knowing it as absent, not currently happening right now)
• Common Sense (NOT as in what we normally say)

  Common Sense therefore can also distinguish between the 5 senses, like distinguishing color and sounds.

  All the senses are put together to create a single-sense experience.

  Ex: I’m looking at you and hearing you at the same time
• Imagination- Makes and stores copies of that which we have sensed, a “storehouse/bag of forms”

  Retains what the senses provide- Expressed species/phantasm (what your imagination is making or storing)

  ex: If you sense the color blue, you can imagine the color blue.

  Humans can imagine a 10-headed monster, but animals do not have that power
• Receiving – external sense

  Retaining (imagination) – internal sense

  
  

  To receive requires some kind of physical contact, to retain does not,

  You have to be able to sense and imagine a thing in order to reason.
• Estimative power (judging/instinct) ( in animals and humans)

  Using the senses, can distinct things that are useful, advantageous, or disadvantageous. ex: The sheep smells the wolf coming and knows it’s time to run. Allows the sheep to make a judgment, knowing that it is in a dangerous situation and that the wolf can harm the sheep.  

  Flee from danger (predator, storm, etc.) , Pursue advantageous things (food, etc.)
• Cogitative Power – only human beings

  The Estimative power mixed with reason, allows us to know what is advantageous or disadvantageous, forming inductions from our sense experiences

  The same as Estimative Power but it is in humans, letting us make conclusions from individual substances.

  ex: When we meet a nice dog, we go up to it, but if we meet a mean dog, we go away from it.
• Memory

  Retains things in the estimative power, judgment of things being useful/advantageous

  Retains what has been sensed, but in addition, is going to retain some of these judgments, beyond sensation, including the specific time

  ex: Remembering a specific candle.

  You are retaining more than how the candle felt, but you are also remembering the time when you bought the candle.
• Memory - Two Parts

  Sudden Recall: ex: A rat recalls that if it presses Button A, then it will get food.

  Reminisce: ex: You and your friend talk about the past, specifically when you went to a field trip.
• Phantasm


  Something in the imagination/memory

  When you imagine a triangle, you picture a phantasm

  * If there is no phantasm, then the intellect can’t see (referencing eye damage), the intellect needs the phantasm

  Example: When you encounter a triangle, you store an image (phantasm) in your mind, and every time you encounter another triangle, you store that image in your mind, (like a bag in your mind that has various shapes of triangles)
• External Senses -> Internal Senses

  External Senses receive something from outside of themselves, The Internal Senses always rely on the External Senses
• Abstraction

  • You can imagine or picture a triangle (acute, right, obtuse)
  • You need reason as well
  • You can only imagine a particular triangle at a time, you can’t imagine all triangles at once.
  • Abstraction (definition): drag out
  • You can understand things by reason, collecting the similarities and leaving out the differences
• Intellect

  • Active: Maker ( or agent) what abstracts the similarities and leaves out the differences
  • Passive: Made, understanding reason, the object of knowing ( knowing power)
  • Example: A tree
  • Active: You can abstract from a tree from that it has leaves and bark.
  • Passive: When you think about how or what a tree is defined as, that is where you know what a tree is.
• Idea - Concept
• 3 acts of the Mind (Intellect)

  1. Simple Understanding/Apprehension
  2. Combing and Dividing
  3. Reasoning
• 3 Acts of the Mind - Definitions

  1. Simple Understanding.Apprehension: With simple understanding, we can know the similarities or differences between many things (term).
  2. Combing or Dividing: Combining ( positive statements ) and Dividing ( negative statements ) is what we find in propositions that are expressed in sentences. (proposition, Subject + Predicate)
  3. Reasoning: A reasoned argument produces a conclusion, moving from known to not known. (argument)
• 3 Acts of the Mind Example

  1. A triangle
  2. A triangle is a three-sided figure. (combining) A triangle is not a four-sided shape. (dividing)
  3. A pizza has three sides. Therefore, pizza is a triangle.
• 3 Acts of the Mind Example 2

  1. A book
  2. All books have pages with words. (combining)
  3. All books have pages with words. "Too Many Cooks" has pages with words. Therefore, "Too Many Cooks" is a book.
• Reason ( Found in human beings)

  The Object of Reason is the similarities between things, leaving behind the differences.

  Nature of Sensible things, cause and effect relationship.
• Desiring - appetites, move us to act

  Appetite is divided between knowledge and without knowledge.

  Knowledge separates into sensible and intellectual, which are both sensible appetites. Without Knowledge is natural appetite.
• Sense Appetites

  • Definition: Knowing something about a thing to desire it, follows upon sense knowledge (internal, external senses)
  • Knowing Powers and the Appetites
  • Powers consist of Reason (Apprehension, Combining/Dividing, and Argument) and Senses (Internal and External)
  • Appetites consist of Will (The Will seeks the good, actual good, or lesser good) and Emotions (Irascible and Concupiscible)
• • Reason and the Will are to be found in human beings alone, whereas the senses and emotions are shared, at least with some animals.
  • Will corresponds to Reason. Sense corresponds to Emotions.
• • Appetite: desiring power, the idea of inclination    
  • Divides into Non-Conscious inclination and Conscious inclination
• • Non-Conscious Inclination (Natural):
  • The object moves inherently to some end in itself. It has this tendency to do so, which gives rise to another distinction
  • Is a kind of tendency to some end or some good, doesn’t have to be conscious
  • Ex: A tree puts out its roots, not b/c anybody directs it to do so, but by the very nature of the tree. We understand that the inclination of the tree is moving towards an end from something internal.
• Conscious Inclination

  • Movement towards an end from the inside of the body, which is from your awareness, senses
  • ex: You smell pizza, and now that you’re aware of it from your sense of smell, you are inclined and now want pizza. When you eat the pizza, you now satisfy your desire.
• Non-Conscious Inclination (Natural ) Example 2

  Ex 2: If you cut yourself, your body starts healing the wounds. There is a tendency in your body to heal wounds, which is part of the non-mental living powers that we have.(it doesn’t require us to think to do the activity or power, our bodies just naturally heal)
• Violence


  where a thing can be moved to an end by something external

  ex: An arrow is moved towards the target by the Archer. The arrow doesn’t have anything inherently that characterizes it as harsh. The Archer (external) must direct it that way (to be violent). He calls this violence.
• Violence -> external

  Inclination -> internal
• Sense Appetites

  We find the same sort of thing in our conscious appetites.

  We have an impulse, which is a movement toward it. If we don’t have it, we have an impulse to move towards it. Once we get it, we rest in it.
• Passions - Body and Soul

  Passions are divided between body and soul.

  Body is then divided into pleasure ( ex: pizza) and pain/displeasure (ex: eating Brussels sprouts)
• Concupiscible 


  Definition: Simple good or bad (evil)

  ex: Dog likes steak -> Desires it -> Gets it and Eats it