analysis

• are one of the primary methods used in the determination of content of many pharmaceutical substances and excipients

  Acid-base titrations
• Acid-base titrations

  - Titrations of this nature follow the concept that acids and bases when combined will form its corresponding ______________________, where at completion will have a shift in pH, to which equivalency and endpoints depend on.

  salt and water
• These are chemical processes in which an acid (proton donor) reacts with a base (proton acceptor).

  NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
• NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS

  - Products

  salt and water
• Any ionic solid such as ammonium chloride is called ______________

  salt
• Most salts are strong _________________

  - i.e. they dissociate almost completely into their component ions when dissolve in water

  electrolytes
• The products of a reaction between an acid and a base are also acid and base

  Conjugate acids and bases
• A substance that increases the concentration of H3O+ (hydronium ion) in aqueous solution.


  ACID
• A substance that decreases the concentration of H3O+ in aqueous solution

  BASE
• Increase OH-concentration

  BASE
• Molecular Acids


  1. H2O

  2. H2S

  3. HCL

  4. H2SO4
• Molecular Bases

  1. NH3

  2. H2O
• Cationic Acids

  1. H30+

  2. NH4+
• Cationic Bases

  Ag (NH3)2+
• Anionic Acids


  1. HSO4-

  2. H2PO4-

  3. HPO4-

  4. HS-
• Anionic Bases

  1. OH-

  2. SH-

  3. S^2-

  4. (SO4)^2-
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - Use HOW MANY drops of indicator test solution for a titration unless otherwise directed.

  3
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - Strong acid + strong base

  1. Methyl orange

  2. Methyl red

  3. Phenolphthalein
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - Weak acid + strong base

  phenolphthalein
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - Strong acid + weak base

  methyl red
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - A weak alkali should never be titrated with a weak acid, or vice versa, since no indicator will give a ______________________.

  sharp endpoint
• RULES FOR THE USE OF INDICATORS

  - The appearance of a _________________ is more easily observable than is the disappearance

  color
• Methyl Yellow

  - Acid

  Red
• Methyl Yellow

  - Base

  Yellow
• Methyl Orange

  - Acid


  Pink
• Methyl Orange

  - Base

  yellow
• Methyl Red

  - Acid


  red
• Methyl Red

  - Base

  yellow
• Bromophenol Blue

  - Acid

  yellow
• Bromophenol Blue

  - Base

  blue
• Bromocresol Purple

  - Acid


  yellow
• Bromocresol Purple

  - Base

  purple
• Bromothymol Blue

  - Acid

  yellow
• Bromothymol Blue

  - Base

  blue
• Phenolphthalein

  - Acid


  colorless
• Phenolphthalein

  - Base

  pink
• This essentially involves the direct or residual titrimetric analysis of alkaline substances (bases) employing an aliquot of acid and is provided usually in the analytical control of a large number of substances included in the various official compendia.

  ACIDIMETRY
• ACIDIMETRY (organic or inorganic)

  - Urea

  Organic
• ACIDIMETRY (organic or inorganic)

  - Sodium salicylate

  Organic
• ACIDIMETRY (organic or inorganic)

  - Diphenhydramine

  Organic