2 Psychia - Cognitive Disorder

• Processes that are involved in planning and attentional control

  Executive Functioning
• Memory loss for information acquired after the onset of amnesia

  Anterograde amnesia
• A speech disorder resulting in difficulties producing or comprehending speech

  Aphasia
• The production of incoherent, jumbled speech

  Fluent aphasia
• Nonfluent aphasia


  An inability to initiate speech or respond to speech with anything other than simple words
• Broca's aphasia


  Disruption of the ability to speak consisting of difficulties with word ordering, finding the right word and articulation
• Wernicke's aphasia


  A deficit in the comprehension of speech involving difficulties in recognising spoken words and converting thoughts into words
• Agnosia


  The loss of the ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss
• Apraxia


  Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements
• Wisconsin card sorting task


  A widely used test of executive functioning where individuals must sort cards for a number of trials using one rule (e.g. colour) and then sort cards using a different rule (e.g. shape)
• Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB)


  A neuropsychological test in wide use in the UK, comprising two tests of speed of information processing, verbal memory tests (list learning and story recall), and visual memory tests (design learning and figure recall)
• Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery


  One of the common neuropsychological tests used in the US, compiled to evaluate brain and nervous system functioning across a fixed set of eight tests
• Prefrontal cortex


  The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas
• Dementia


  The development of multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one other specific deficit
• Alzheimer's Disease


  A slowly progressive form of dementia involving progressive impairments in short-term memory, with symptoms of aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia, together with evidence of impaired judgments, decision-making and orientation
• Encephalitis


  Infections that cause an inflammation of the brain resulting from the direct infection of the brain by a virus
• Meningitis


  The class of infections that cause inflammation of the meninges (the membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord). Symptoms include fever, headache, drowsiness, stiffness in the neck, irritability and cognitive impairments such as memory deficits
• HIV dementia


  A syndrome of impairment involving multiple symptoms of motor and cognitive dysfunction, sometimes known as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) or HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD)
• Minor Cognitive Motor Disorder (MCMD)


  A form of HIV dementia consisting of memory loss and the reduction of cognitive and computational functions
• Spongiform Encephalopathy


  A fatal infectious disease that attacks the brain and central nervous system. Commonly known as "mad cow disease" or Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
• Prion


  An abnormal, transmissible agent that is able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage. A major contributing factor in Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
• Goal Management Training (GMT)


  A procedure that involves training in problem-solving to help evaluate a current problem, followed by specification of the relevant goals, and partitioning of the problem-solving process into sub-goals or steps
• Errorless Learning


  A training procedure used in training individuals with amnesia where people are prevented – as far as possible – from making any errors while learning a new skill or new information
• Group Communication Treatment


  A form of treatment that is used in the production and comprehension of speech, focusing on increasing initiation of conversation and exchanging information using whatever communication means possible
• Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)


  A technique used with aphasic patients which involves the mass practice of verbal responses in which the patient may be required to communicate without gesturing or pointing to describe various objects of varying complexity
• Visual Imagery Mnemonics


  A technique for teaching remembering strategies in order to help store and retrieve items and events to be remembered
• Gestural Training


  A form of rehabilitation training for limb apraxia in which the client is taught to recognise gestures and postures that are appropriate and in context
• Time Pressure Management (TPM)


  An approach to dealing with attention deficits which aims not to try and improve attention itself, but to provide the client with some compensatory skills that will allow them to effectively manage their slowed information processing