Test

• Electrons


  Exist in energy levels or shells
• Maximum electrons in energy levels

  • First energy level: 2
  • Second energy level: 8
  • Third energy level: 8
• Noble gases


  • Have a full outer energy level
  • Are unreactive
• Ionic bonding


  Occurs when a metal reacts with a non-metal
• Ionic bonding between lithium and fluorine

  1. Lithium atom loses outer electron

  2. Fluorine atom gains electron

  3. Both atoms achieve full outer energy level
• Lithium ion


  Atom with 3 protons and 2 electrons, overall +1 charge
• Fluoride ion


  Atom with 9 protons and 10 electrons, overall -1 charge
• During ionic bonding, group 1 metals lose 1 electron and group 7 non-metals gain 1 electron
• Both ions formed have a full outer energy level, the stable electronic structure of a noble gas
• Ionic bonding


  • Sodium and chlorine
• Ionic bonding between sodium and chlorine

  1. One electron passes from sodium atom to chlorine atom

  2. Both atoms achieve full outer energy level
• First phase of the construction of HafenCity was completed

  2009
• HafenCity construction expected to be completed

  2025
• HafenCity is expected to cost around $14 billion
• Housing in Hafencity


  • 1800 housing units have been completed so far
  • Eventually, Hafencity is expected to have around 5,800 residential units which will house 12,000 people
  • Most of the houses are far too expensive for people on modest incomes to afford
  • In the Lohsepark area, the first publicly subsidised and affordable rental apartments (70 in total)
• Employment in Hafencity


  • More than 730 companies have set up business
  • In total 45,000 jobs will be created (currently the figure stands at approximately 12,000)
  • 35,000 of these jobs are in the tertiary and quaternary sector therefore only available to highly skilled workers
  • People who do not have degree level education will not be able to work in these jobs
• Making the project sustainable as planners want people to both live and work in the same space
• Transport in Hafencity


  • Central location and close proximity of work, leisure and residential uses make it a district of short distances
  • Dense network of footpaths and cycling paths
  • Pedestrians have 2.5km of pathway more at their disposal than motorists
  • About 70 per cent of these pathways are isolated from motor traffic
  • When HafenCity is fully developed, the U4 (underground subway) line is expected to be used by around 35,000 people a day, which adds up to around 26,000 fewer car journeys every day
• Improving the environment in Hafencity

  • Lohsepark is the largest park in Hafencity covering around 40,000 sq. m
  • Planting in HafenCity will include around 2,000 trees
  • Instead of each building having its own heating system, whole blocks of buildings in the Hafencity are linked to a district heating system
  • In the future it will be mandatory for at least 30 per cent of the residential hot water supply to come from renewable sources such as solar panels on the roofs of buildings
  • Ground level of the entire area has been raised more than 2m to withstand the inevitable flooding of the foreseeable future